Passive vaccine for elimination of senescent cells

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are immunogenic compositions (vaccines) and methods for immunizing a subject with the immunogenic compositions for inducing an adaptive immune response directed specifically against senescent cells for treatment and prophylaxis of age-related diseases and disorders, and other diseases and disorders associated with or exacerbated by the presence of senescent cells. The immunogenic compositions provided herein comprise at least one or more senescent cell-associated antigens, polynucleotides encoding senescent cell-associated antigens, and recombinant expression vectors comprising the polynucleotides for use in administering to a subject in need thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/649,022, filed Sep. 21, 2015, which is a U.S. national stage entry under 35 USC § 371 of PCT/US2013/072938, filed Dec. 3, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/732,746, filed Dec. 3, 2012 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/747,653, filed Dec. 31, 2012, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

STATEMENT OF FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with government support under AG009909 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

STATEMENT REGARDING SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing associated with this application is provided in text format in lieu of a paper copy, and is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification. The name of the text file containing the Sequence Listing is 44237-720-301-Sequence-Listing.txt. The text file is 1 KB, was created on Mar. 12, 2019 and is being submitted electronically via EFS-Web.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The disclosure herein relates generally to immunogenic compositions (e.g., vaccines) and methods for using the immunogenic compositions for inducing an immune response directed specifically against senescent cells for treatment and prophylaxis of age-related diseases and disorders, and other diseases and disorders associated or exacerbated by the presence of senescent cells.

Description of the Related Art

Senescent cells accumulate in tissues and organs of individuals as they age and are found at sites of age-related pathologies. While senescent cells are believed important to inhibiting proliferation of dysfunctional or damaged cells and particularly to constraining development of malignancy (see, e.g., Campisi, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 21:107-12 (2011); Campisi, Trends Cell Biol. 11:S27-31 (2001); Prieur et al., Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 20:150-55 (2008)), the presence of senescent cells in an aging individual may contribute to aging and aging-related dysfunction (see, e.g., Campisi, Cell 120:513-22 (2005)). Given that senescent cells have been causally implicated in certain aspects of age-related decline in health and may contribute to certain diseases, and are also induced as a result of necessary life-preserving chemotherapeutic and radiation treatments, the presence of senescent cells may have deleterious effects to millions of patients worldwide (e.g., fatigue, weakness, loss of physical agility, decrease in cognitive function). Accordingly, treatments aimed at clearing aging-induced and therapy-induced senescent cells and improving age-sensitive traits have the potential to markedly improve the health, lifespan, and quality of life for patients exposed to senescence-inducing stimuli. The present disclosure addresses these needs and offers numerous related advantages.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are immunogenic compositions and methods of using the compositions for inducing an immune response that is specific for senescent cells (i.e., specific for senescent cell associated antigens expressed by the senescent cells) and that comprises clearance (i.e., removal, elimination) of senescent cells from the subject receiving the immunogenic composition. The methods include active and passive immunization. Provided herein are the following embodiments.

In one embodiment, a method is provided for evoking an immune response specific for a senescent cell in a subject, wherein the immune response comprises clearance of the senescent cell by the immune system of the subject, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject an immunogenic composition comprising: (a) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and (b) an immunogen. In particular embodiments, the immunogen is selected from (i) an isolated senescent cell-associated antigen or an antigenic fragment thereof, wherein the senescent cell-associated antigen is selected from (A) p16INK4a, (B) a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and (C) a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3, and wherein the antigenic fragment comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of the senescent cell-associated antigen; (ii) an isolated polynucleotide encoding at least two senescent cell-associated antigens of (i) or antigenic fragments thereof; (iii) at least two isolated polynucleotides, wherein a first isolated polynucleotide encodes a first senescent cell-associated antigen or an antigenic fragment thereof, and wherein the first senescent cell-associated antigen is selected from (A) p16INK4a, (B) a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and (C) a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3, and wherein the antigenic fragment comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of the first senescent cell-associated antigen, and a second polynucleotide encodes a second senescent cell-associated antigen, wherein the second senescent cell-associated antigen is selected from (A) p16INK4a, (B) a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and (C) a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3, and wherein the antigenic fragment comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of the second senescent cell-associated antigen; (iv) a recombinant expression vector that is a viral vector comprising a polynucleotide that encodes the senescent cell-associate antigen or antigenic fragment thereof of (i); (v) a senescent cell membrane preparation, a senescent cell organelle preparation, or an exosome; (vi) a fusion polypeptide comprising at least two senescent cell-associated antigens, wherein each of the at least two senescent cell-associated antigens are different and each is selected from (A) p16INK4a, (B) a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and (C) a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3; (vii) a fusion polypeptide comprising at least two antigenic fragments wherein each of the at least two antigenic fragments comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from (A) p16INK4a, (B) a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and (C) a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3; (viii) a fusion polypeptide comprising at least one senescent cell-associated antigen of (i) or an antigenic fragment thereof and a co-stimulatory polypeptide; and (ix) a modified dendritic cell wherein a dendritic cell is isolated from the subject and is modified by (A) introducing a senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment that comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of the senescent cell-associated antigen, wherein the senescent cell-associated antigen is selected from (A) p16INK4a, (B) a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and (C) a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3, or (B) introducing a polynucleotide encoding the senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment of (A), into the dendritic cell ex vivo to provide a modified dendritic cell, and wherein the modified dendritic cell is administered to the subject. In certain particular embodiments for use in the methods described above and herein, the senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 is any one of ADAMTS7, APLP2, ATP6V0D2, BCHE, C11orf87, CD46, CYB5D2, FBXL7, GPR137B, IFI27L1, IL15RA, LAMP2, MYO10, NEU1, NHSL2, NPAS2, OR1F1, PEA15, RAB23, RARB, RNPC3, SELO, SELT, SEMASB, SERP1, SERPINE1, SLC9A7, SNX3, TBC1D1, TBRG1, TCEANC, TFPI, TNFAIP1, TUBG2, USP18, or ZNF419 (see Table 2). In other more specific embodiments, the senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 is any one of NEU1, SELO, SERP1, SERPINE1, or SNX3. In other specific embodiments, the senescent cell-associated antigen is p16INK4a. In other certain particular embodiments, the at least first and the at least second senescent cell-associated antigen encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 are different and selected from any one of ADAMTS7, APLP2, ATP6V0D2, BCHE, C11orf87, CD46, CYB5D2, FBXL7, GPR137B, IFI27L1, IL15RA, LAMP2, MYO10, NEU1, NHSL2, NPAS2, OR1F1, PEA15, RAB23, RARB, RNPC3, SELO, SELT, SEMASB, SERP1, SERPINE1, SLC9A7, SNX3, TBC1D1, TBRG1, TCEANC, TFPI, TNFAIP1, TUBG2, USP18, and ZNF419 (see Table 2). In other more specific embodiments, the at least first and the at least second senescent cell-associated antigens encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 is selected from any one of NEU1, SELO, SERP1, SERPINE1, and SNX3. In still other particular embodiments, the at least first senescent cell-associated antigen or the at least second senescent cell-associated antigen is p16INK4a.

In certain other embodiments of the method described above and herein, the immunogen comprises at least two isolated senescent cell-associated antigens or antigenic fragments thereof, wherein (a) a first isolated senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof that comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of the first senescent cell-associated antigen, and (b) a second isolated senescent cell-associated antigen or an antigenic fragment thereof that comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of the second senescent cell-associated antigen, are different and each independently is selected from (A) p16INK4a, (B) a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and (C) a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3. In certain particular embodiments, the at least first and the at least second isolated senescent cell-associated antigen are different and encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2, wherein the at least first and the at least second isolated senescent cell-associated antigens are selected from ADAMTS7, APLP2, ATP6V0D2, BCHE, C11orf87, CD46, CYB5D2, FBXL7, GPR137B, IFI27L1, IL15RA, LAMP2, MYO10, NEU1, NHSL2, NPAS2, OR1F1, PEA15, RAB23, RARB, RNPC3, SELO, SELT, SEMASB, SERP1, SERPINE1, SLC9A7, SNX3, TBC1D1, TBRG1, TCEANC, TFPI, TNFAIP1, TUBG2, USP18, and ZNF419 (see Table 2). In other more specific embodiments, the at least first and the at least second isolated senescent cell-associated antigens encoded by a nucleic acid sequence from Table 2 are selected from NEU1, SELO, SERP1, SERPINE1, and SNX3. In still other particular embodiments, the at least first senescent cell-associated antigen or the at least second senescent cell-associated antigen is p16INK4a.

In a more particular embodiment, the senescent cell-associated antigen is present on the cell surface of the senescent cell. In still another embodiment, when the immunogen comprises a first and the second senescent cell-associated antigen, the first and the second senescent cell-associated antigen are each present on the cell surface of the senescent cell.

In certain other embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a recombinant expression vector that comprises the polynucleotide of (b)(ii) operatively linked to at least one regulatory expression sequence. In a more particular embodiment, the recombinant expression vector is a viral vector. In still another specific embodiment, the viral vector is selected from an adenovirus vector, lentivirus vector, a herpes virus vector, adenovirus-associated vector, or a poxvirus vector. In another particular embodiment, the adenoviral vector is a replication-defective adenovirus. In certain specific embodiment, the replication-defective adenovirus is a recombinant human adenovirus having a serotype selected from Ad11, Ad24, Ad26, Ad34, Ad35, Ad48, Ad49, and Ad50.

In yet another embodiment of the method described above and herein, the immunogen comprises at least one polynucleotide that encodes (a) a first senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof that comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of the first senescent cell-associated antigen, and (b) a second senescent cell-associated antigen or an antigenic fragment thereof that comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of the second senescent cell-associated antigen, wherein the first and second senescent cell-associated antigens are different and each independently is selected from (A) p16INK4a, (B) a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and (C) a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3. In certain particular embodiments, the at least first and the at least second isolated senescent cell-associated antigen are encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2, wherein the at least first and the at least second isolated senescent cell-associated antigens are selected from ADAMTS7, APLP2, ATP6V0D2, BCHE, C11orf87, CD46, CYB5D2, FBXL7, GPR137B, IFI27L1, IL15RA, LAMP2, MYO10, NEU1, NHSL2, NPAS2, OR1F1, PEA15, RAB23, RARB, RNPC3, SELO, SELT, SEMASB, SERP1, SERPINE1, SLC9A7, SNX3, TBC1D1, TBRG1, TCEANC, TFPI, TNFAIP1, TUBG2, USP18, and ZNF419 (see Table 2). In other more specific embodiments, the at least first and the at least second isolated senescent cell-associated antigens encoded by a nucleic acid sequence from Table 2 are selected independently from NEU1, SELO, SERP1, SERPINE1, and SNX3. In still other particular embodiments, the at least first senescent cell-associated antigen or the at least second senescent cell-associated antigen is p16INK4a. In still another embodiment, the immunogenic composition comprises a recombinant expression vector that comprises the at least one polynucleotide operatively linked to at least one regulatory expression sequence. In certain embodiments, the recombinant expression vector is a viral vector. In still another specific embodiment, the viral vector is selected from an adenovirus vector, lentivirus vector, a herpes virus vector, adenovirus-associated vector, or a poxvirus vector. In another particular embodiment, the adenoviral vector is a replication-defective adenovirus. In certain specific embodiment, the replication-defective adenovirus is a recombinant human adenovirus having a serotype selected from Ad11, Ad24, Ad26, Ad34, Ad35, Ad48, Ad49, and Ad50.

In yet another embodiment of the method described above and herein, the immunogen comprises at least two polynucleotides wherein a first polynucleotide encodes the first senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof, and a second polynucleotide encodes the second senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof. In a specific embodiment, the immunogenic composition comprises (a) a recombinant expression vector that comprising the at least two polynucleotides wherein each of the at least two polynucleotides is operatively linked to at least one regulatory expression sequence; or (b) a first recombinant expression vector that comprises the first polynucleotide operatively linked to at least one regulatory expression sequence and a second recombinant expression vector that comprises the first polynucleotide operatively linked to at least one regulatory expression sequence. In certain embodiments, the recombinant expression vector is a viral vector. In still more particular embodiments, the recombinant expression vector of (a) the first recombinant expression vector of (b) and the second recombinant expression vector of (b) are each a viral vector. In still another specific embodiment, the viral vector is selected from an adenovirus vector, lentivirus vector, a herpes virus vector, adenovirus-associated vector, or a poxvirus vector. In another particular embodiment, the adenoviral vector is a replication-defective adenovirus. In certain specific embodiment, the replication-defective adenovirus is a recombinant human adenovirus having a serotype selected from Ad11, Ad24, Ad26, Ad34, Ad35, Ad48, Ad49, and Ad50. In one particular embodiment, the first recombinant expression vector and the second recombinant expression vector are each the same or different recombinant human adenoviral vector having a serotype independently selected from Ad11, Ad24, Ad26, Ad34, Ad35, Ad48, Ad49, and Ad50.

In yet another embodiment of the method described above and herein, when the immunogen comprises a dendritic cell, the dendritic cell is modified by introducing a recombinant expression vector comprising the polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, the recombinant expression vector is a viral vector selected from an adenovirus vector, lentivirus vector, a herpes virus vector, adenovirus-associated vector, or a poxvirus vector. In another particular embodiment, the adenoviral vector is a replication-defective adenovirus. In certain specific embodiment, the replication-defective adenovirus is a recombinant human adenovirus having a serotype selected from Ad11, Ad24, Ad26, Ad34, Ad35, Ad48, Ad49, and Ad50.

In particular embodiments, with respect to the methods described above and herein, the immunogenic composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant. In other particular embodiments, with respect to the methods described above and herein, the immunogenic composition further comprises (a) a co-stimulatory polypeptide that enhances the adaptive immune response to the immunogen; (b) a polynucleotide encoding the co-stimulatory polypeptide; or (c) a recombinant expression vector that comprises the polynucleotide sequence, which is operatively linked to at least one regulatory expression sequence. In still other specific embodiments, the subject has or is at risk of developing a disease or disorder treatable by clearing senescent cells from a tissue of the subject. In still more specific embodiments, of the methods described above and herein, the disease or disorder is an age-related disease or disorder.

Also provided herein is an immunogenic composition that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and at least one immunogenic preparation selected from: (a) an immunogenic preparation comprising a first isolated senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof that comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of the first senescent cell-associated antigen, and a second isolated senescent cell-associated antigen or an antigenic fragment thereof that comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of the second senescent cell-associated antigen, wherein the first and second senescent cell-associated antigens are different and selected independently from p16INK4a, a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3; (b) an immunogenic preparation comprising at least one polynucleotide that encodes the first senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof, and the second senescent cell-associated antigen or an antigenic fragment thereof; (c) an immunogenic preparation comprising at least two polynucleotides wherein a first polynucleotide encodes the first senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof, and a second polynucleotide encodes the second senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof; (d) an immunogenic preparation comprising a senescent cell membrane preparation, a senescent cell organelle preparation, or an exosome; (e) an immunogenic preparation comprising a fusion polypeptide comprising at least two senescent cell-associated antigens, wherein each of the at least two senescent cell-associated antigens are different and selected independently from p16INK4a, a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3; (0 an immunogenic preparation comprising a fusion polypeptide comprising at least two antigenic fragments wherein each of the at least two antigenic fragments comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from p16INK4a, a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3; and (g) an immunogenic preparation comprising a modified dendritic cell wherein a dendritic cell is isolated from the subject and is modified by (i) introducing a senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment that comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids of the senescent cell-associated antigen, wherein the senescent cell-associated antigen is selected from (A) p16INK4a, (B) a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and (C) a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3, or (ii) introducing a polynucleotide encoding the senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment of (i), into the dendritic cell ex vivo to provide a modified dendritic cell, and wherein the modified dendritic cell is administered to the subject. In certain particular embodiments, the senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 is any one of ADAMTS7, APLP2, ATP6V0D2, BCHE, C11orf87, CD46, CYB5D2, FBXL7, GPR137B, IFI27L1, IL15RA, LAMP2, MYO10, NEU1, NHSL2, NPAS2, OR1F1, PEA15, RAB23, RARB, RNPC3, SELO, SELT, SEMASB, SERP1, SERPINE1, SLC9A7, SNX3, TBC1D1, TBRG1, TCEANC, TFPI, TNFAIP1, TUBG2, USP18, or ZNF419 (see Table 2). In other more specific embodiments, the senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 is any one of NEU1, SELO, SERP1, SERPINE1, or SNX3. In other specific embodiments, the senescent cell-associated antigen is p16INK4a. In other certain particular embodiments, the at least first and the at least second senescent cell-associated antigen encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 are different and selected from any one of ADAMTS7, APLP2, ATP6V0D2, BCHE, C11orf87, CD46, CYB5D2, FBXL7, GPR137B, IFI27L1, IL15RA, LAMP2, MYO10, NEU1, NHSL2, NPAS2, OR1F1, PEA15, RAB23, RARB, RNPC3, SELO, SELT, SEMASB, SERP1, SERPINE1, SLC9A7, SNX3, TBC1D1, TBRG1, TCEANC, TFPI, TNFAIP1, TUBG2, USP18, and ZNF419 (see Table 2). In other more specific embodiments, the at least first and the at least second senescent cell-associated antigens encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 is selected from any one of NEU1, SELO, SERP1, SERPINE1, and SNX3. In still other particular embodiments, the at least first senescent cell-associated antigen or the at least second senescent cell-associated antigen is p16INK4a.

In particular embodiments, with respect to the immunogenic composition described above and herein, the senescent cell-associated antigen is present on the cell surface of the senescent cell. In another particular embodiment, the first and the second senescent cell-associated antigen are each present on the cell surface of the senescent cell. In yet another specific embodiment, (i) a recombinant expression vector comprises the at least one polynucleotide of (b) operatively linked to at least one regulatory expression sequence; or (ii) a recombinant expression vector comprises the at least two polynucleotides of (c), wherein each polynucleotide is operatively linked to at least one regulatory expression sequence; or (iii) the dendritic cell is modified by introducing a recombinant expression vector comprising the polynucleotide; or (iv) a first recombinant expression vector comprises the first polynucleotide of (c) and a second recombinant expression vector comprises the second polynucleotide of (c). In particular embodiments, the recombinant expression vector of (i), (ii), and (iii), and the first and second recombination vectors of (iv) are each a viral vector. In certain embodiments, the recombinant expression vector is a viral vector selected from an adenovirus vector, lentivirus vector, a herpes virus vector, adenovirus-associated vector, or a poxvirus vector. In another particular embodiment, the adenoviral vector is a replication-defective adenovirus. In certain specific embodiment, the replication-defective adenovirus is a recombinant human adenovirus having a serotype selected from Ad11, Ad24, Ad26, Ad34, Ad35, Ad48, Ad49, and Ad50.

In certain particular embodiments described above and herein, the immunogenic composition further comprises (a) a co-stimulatory polypeptide that enhances the adaptive immune response to the immunogen; (b) a polynucleotide encoding the co-stimulatory polypeptide; or (c) a recombinant expression vector that comprises the polynucleotide sequence encoding the co-stimulatory polypeptide, which is operatively linked to at least one regulatory expression sequence. In still other embodiments, the immunogenic compositions described above and herein further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.

In yet another embodiment, a recombinant antibody is provided that comprises (a) at least one immunoglobulin variable region domain that specifically binds to a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from (A) p16INK4a, (B) a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and (C) a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3; and (b) a modified human Fc region that exhibits enhanced affinity for an Fcγ receptor. In a particular embodiment, the recombinant antibody further comprises a second immunoglobulin variable region (Fv), wherein the second variable region specifically binds to the same or a different senescent cell-associated antigen selected from p16INK4a, a senescent cell-associated antigen selected from Table 1, and a senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3. Also provided is an immunogenic composition that comprises the recombinant antibody described above and herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In still another embodiment, a method is provided for facilitating clearance of a senescent cell from a subject, comprising administering to the subject the immunogenic composition comprising the recombinant antibody described above and herein. In certain particular embodiments, the senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 is any one of ADAMTS7, APLP2, ATP6V0D2, BCHE, C11orf87, CD46, CYB5D2, FBXL7, GPR137B, IFI27L1, IL15RA, LAMP2, MYO10, NEU1, NHSL2, NPAS2, OR1F1, PEA15, RAB23, RARB, RNPC3, SELO, SELT, SEMASB, SERP1, SERPINE1, SLC9A7, SNX3, TBC1D1, TBRG1, TCEANC, TFPI, TNFAIP1, TUBG2, USP18, or ZNF419 (see Table 2); In other more specific embodiments, the senescent cell-associated antigen that is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 is any one of NEU1, SELO, SERP1, SERPINE1, or SNX3. In still other specific embodiments, the senescent cell-associated antigen is p16INK4a.

In one embodiment, a process is provided for formulating the immunogenic composition described above and herein, comprising (a) producing the immunogenic preparation that comprises the first isolated senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof, and the second isolated senescent cell-associated antigen or an antigenic fragment thereof, each as described above and herein, by (i) culturing a first host cell into which a recombinant expression vector comprising at least one regulatory expression sequence operatively linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes the first senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof in a medium and for a time sufficient to produce the first senescent cell-associated antigen; and (ii) culturing a second host cell into which a recombinant expression vector comprising at least one regulatory expression sequence operatively linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes the second senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof in a medium and for a time sufficient to produce the second senescent cell-associated antigen; (iii) isolating the first senescent cell-associated antigen from the first host cell culture, and isolating the second senescent cell-associated antigen from the second host cell culture; and (c) formulating the first and the second cell-associated antigens with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In a particular embodiment, the medium is a serum-free medium.

Uses of the immunogenic compositions described above are also provided for evoking an immune response specific for a senescent cell in a subject, wherein the immune response comprises clearance of the senescent cell by the immune system of the subject, and for the manufacture of a medicament for evoking an immune response specific for a senescent cell in a subject, wherein the immune response comprises clearance of the senescent cell by the immune system.

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.” In addition, the term “comprising” (and related terms such as “comprise” or “comprises” or “having” or “including”) is not intended to exclude that in other certain embodiments, for example, an embodiment of any composition of matter, composition, method, or process, or the like, described herein, may “consist of” or “consist essentially of” the described features. Headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed embodiments.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

Also, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a non-human animal” may refer to one or more non-human animals, or a plurality of such animals, and reference to “a cell” or “the cell” includes reference to one or more cells and equivalents thereof (e.g., plurality of cells) known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. When steps of a method are described or claimed, and the steps are described as occurring in a particular order, the description of a first step occurring (or being performed) “prior to” (i.e., before) a second step has the same meaning if rewritten to state that the second step occurs (or is performed) “subsequent” to the first step. The term “about” when referring to a number or a numerical range means that the number or numerical range referred to is an approximation within experimental variability (or within statistical experimental error), and thus the number or numerical range may vary between 1% and 15% of the stated number or numerical range. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. The term, “at least one,” for example, when referring to at least one compound or to at least one composition, has the same meaning and understanding as the term, “one or more.”

As used herein, the term “isolated” means that a material (such as a senescent cell-associated antigen or a polynucleotide encoding same) is removed from its original environment (e.g., the natural environment if it is naturally occurring). For example, a naturally occurring nucleic acid or polypeptide present in a living animal is not isolated, but the same nucleic acid or polypeptide, separated from some or all of the co-existing materials in the natural system, is isolated. An “isolated” nucleic acid could be part of a vector and/or such nucleic acid or polypeptide could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that the vector or composition is not part of the natural environment for the nucleic acid or polypeptide. The term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region “leader and trailer” as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons). Amino acids may be referred to herein according to the single letter and three letter codes, which are understood according to common textbook knowledge in the art, and therefore with which a person skilled in the art is familiar. The term “fusion polypeptide” used herein may also be used interchangeably with “fusion protein,” and unless specifically indicated otherwise, the two terms are not meant to indicate molecules that have distinguishable properties or characteristics.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Provided herein are immunogenic compositions (e.g., vaccines) and methods for using the immunogenic compositions for inducing an immune response directed specifically against senescent cells for treatment and prophylaxis of age-related diseases and disorders, and other diseases and disorders associated or exacerbated by the presence of senescent cells. The immune response evoked by the immunogenic compositions described herein is specific for one or more senescent cell-associated antigens, particularly including one or more senescent cell-associated antigens (SCAAg) present on the cell surface of the senescent cell (SC). This specific immune response that comprises clearance (i.e., removal, elimination, destruction) of senescent cells may include a humoral or cellular immune response or both a humoral and cellular immune response. The specific immune response may also mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) or both. The one or more senescent cell-associated antigens that induce a specific immune response may be presented to a subject by administering one or more different immunogenic compositions as described in greater detail herein.

A subject in need of immunization with any one of the immunogenic compositions described herein, in certain embodiments, exhibits features of an age-related phenotype, age-related disorder, or age-sensitive trait. In certain embodiments, the age-related phenotype, age-related disorder, or age-sensitive trait may result from contact with a senescence-inducing stimulus or may result from factors that are presently considered part of the normal aging process. In other certain embodiments, the subject has been exposed to at least one senescence-inducing stimulus, which may include, for example, one or more of a chemical stimulus, an environmental stimulus, a genetic modification, a diet modification, or a combination thereof. In certain specific embodiments, the senescence-inducing stimulus comprises irradiation treatment or treatment with one or more chemotherapeutic agents. In other embodiments, the senescence-inducing stimulus is cigarette smoking or other exposure to tobacco (e.g., secondary exposure to cigarette smoke; smokeless tobacco), high fat or high sugar diet, or other environmental insult.

Immunogenic Compositions

As described in detail herein, methods are provided for evoking (i.e., inducing, stimulating, enhancing, boosting) an immune response specific for a senescent cell and that comprises clearance of the senescent cell by the immune system in a subject by administering to the subject (i.e., immunizing) one or more of the immunogenic compositions described herein. An immunogenic composition may comprise any one of the senescent cell associated antigens described herein, including but not limited to, a polypeptide or protein, or immunogenic fragment thereof glycoprotein or immunogenic fragment thereof a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide, protein, or glycoprotein, or immunogenic fragment thereof; a glycolipid; a senescent cell associated carbohydrate or carbohydrate comprising molecule; and a lipid molecule. An immunogenic composition comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and at least one (i.e., one or more) immunogen which is a senescent cell-associated antigen, or which may be an antigenic fragment of a senescent cell-associated antigen. In a particular embodiment, two or more isolated senescent cell-associated antigens (or antigenic fragment(s) thereof) are included in an immunogenic composition, and in an even more particular embodiment, a fusion polypeptide is provided that comprises the two or more senescent cell-associated antigens (or antigenic fragment of any one or more of the two or more senescent cell-associated antigens). In another embodiment, the fusion polypeptide includes at least one or at least two senescent cell-associated antigens and a co-stimulatory polypeptide (such as by way of non-limiting example, B-7.1, ICAM-1, LFA-3, GM-CSF). In other certain embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a polynucleotide that encodes at least one or at least two senescent cell-associated antigens or encodes a fusion polypeptide comprising same; a recombinant expression vector comprising the polynucleotide; or an immune cell or other cell into which a senescent cell-associated antigen or a polynucleotide encoding the senescent cell-associated antigen has been introduced. Also provided herein, are immunogenic compositions that comprise a recombinant expression vector as an immunogen. In certain embodiments, the recombinant expression vector is a viral vector and comprises the polynucleotide that encodes a senescent cell associated antigen or antigenic fragment thereof. In other particular embodiments, the immunogen is a senescent cell membrane preparation, a senescent cell organelle preparation, or an exosome of a cell. Each of these immunogens and immunogenic compositions is described in greater detail herein.

For ease of discussion when describing a composition or immunogen comprising two or more senescent cell-associated antigens, for example, one of the two or more antigens may be called a first senescent cell-associated antigen and another of the two or more antigens may be called a second senescent cell-associated antigen, and another different antigen may be called a third senescent cell-associated antigen, etc. Such description may also be used in describing two or more polynucleotides that may be used as an immunogen.

As described in greater detail herein, immunogenic compositions may further comprise components that enhance an immune response to the one or more SCAAgs. For example, immunogenic compositions may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant. In other embodiments, an immunogenic composition may also comprise a helper antigen or carrier protein.

Senescent Cell Associated Antigens

Cellular senescence is a stable and essentially permanent arrest of cell proliferation, which is accompanied by extensive changes in gene expression. Many types of cells, both normal cells and tumor cells, undergo senescence in response to stress. As described in the art, the phenotype of a senescence cell, such as the phenotype referred to as senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP), is typified by secretion of numerous cytokines (e.g., inflammatory cytokines), growth factors, extracellular matrix components (ECM) and ECM-degrading enzymes, and proteases, for example. While proliferative arrest poses a formidable barrier to tumor progression (see, e.g., Campisi, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 21:107-12 (2011); Campisi, Trends Cell Biol. 11:S27-31 (2001); Prieur et al., Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 20:150-55 (2008)), and molecules secreted by senescent cells can stimulate tissue repair (see, e.g., Adams, Molec. Cell 36:2-14 (2009); Rodier et al., J. Cell Biol. 192:547-56 (2011)), senescent cells also secrete molecules that can cause inflammation (see, e.g., Freund et al., Trends Mol. Med. 16:238-46 (2010); Davalos et al., Cancer Metastasis Rev. 29:273-83 (2010)). Low-level, chronic inflammation is a hallmark of aging tissues, and inflammation is a major cause of, or contributor to, virtually every major age-related pathology, including cancer (Ferrucci et al., 2004, Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 16:240-243; Franceschi et al., 2007, Mech. Ageing Dev. 128:192-105; Chung et al., 2009, Ageing Res. Rev. 8:18-30; Davalos et al., 2010, Cancer Metastasis Rev. 29:273-283; Freund et al., 2010, Trends Molec. Med. 16:238-248). Thus, senescent cells, which increase with age and at sites of age-related pathology, might stimulate local chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling, thereby fueling both the degenerative diseases of aging as well as age-related cancer.

A senescent cell may exhibit any one or more of the following characteristics. (1) Senescence growth arrest is essentially permanent and cannot be reversed by known physiological stimuli. (2) Senescent cells increase in size, sometimes enlarging more than twofold relative to the size of nonsenescent counterparts. (3) Senescent cells express a senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), which partly reflects the increase in lysosomal mass. (4) Most senescent cells express p16INK4a, which is not commonly expressed by quiescent or terminally differentiated cells. (5) Cells that senesce with persistent DDR signaling harbor persistent nuclear foci, termed DNA segments with chromatin alterations reinforcing senescence (DNA-SCARS). These foci contain activated DDR proteins and are distinguishable from transient damage foci. DNA-SCARS include dysfunctional telomeres or telomere dysfunction—induced foci (TIF). (6) Senescent cells express and may secrete molecules associated with senescence, which in certain instances may be observed in the presence of persistent DDR signaling, which in certain instances may be dependent on persistent DDR signaling for their expression. (7) The nuclei of senescent cells lose structural proteins such as Lamin B1 or chromatin-associated proteins such as histones and HMGB1. See, e.g., Freund et al., Mol. Biol. Cell 23:2066-75 (2012); Davalos et al., J. Cell Biol. 201:613-29 (2013); Ivanov et al., J. Cell Biol. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201212110, page 1-15; published online Jul. 1, 2013; Funayama et al., J. Cell Biol. 175:869-80 (2006)).

The presence of senescent cells can also be determined by detection of senescent cell-associated molecules include growth factors, proteases, cytokines (e.g., inflammatory cytokines), chemokines, cell-related metabolites, reactive oxygen species (e.g., H₂O₂), and other molecules that stimulate inflammation and/or other biological effects or reactions that may promote or exacerbate the underlying disease of the subject. Senescent cell-associated molecules include those that are described in the art as comprising the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP, i.e., which includes secreted factors which may make up the pro-inflammatory phenotype of a senescent cell), senescent-messaging secretome, and DNA damage secretory program (DDSP). These groupings of senescent cell associated molecules, as described in the art, contain molecules in common and are not intended to describe three separate distinct groupings of molecules. Senescent cell-associated molecules include certain expressed and secreted growth factors, proteases, cytokines, and other factors that may have potent autocrine and paracrine activities. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the negative effects of senescent cells are believed to be the result of, at least in part, the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases that comprise the SASP of a senescent cell (see, e.g., Coppe et al., PLoS Biol. 6:2853-68 (2008)). Senescent cell-associated molecules that comprise the SASP can disrupt normal tissue structure and function and stimulate malignant phenotypes in pre-malignant or non-aggressive cancer cells (see, e.g., Coppe et al., supra; Coppe et al. J. Biol. Chem. 281:29568-74 (2006); Coppe et al. PLoS One 5:39188 (2010); Krtolica et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:12072-77 (2001); Parrinello et al., J. Cell Sci. 118:485-96 (2005). ECM associated factors include inflammatory proteins and mediators of ECM remodeling and which are strongly induced in senescent cells (see, e.g., Kuilman et al., Nature Reviews 9:81-94 (2009)). Other senescent cell-associated molecules include extracellular polypeptides (proteins) described collectively as the DNA damage secretory program (DDSP) (see, e.g., Sun et al., Nature Medicine published online 5 Aug. 2012; doi:10.1038/nm.2890).

Senescent cell-associated antigens include molecules that are overexpressed in senescent cells compared to their quiescent or non-senescent counterparts. Certain senescent cell-associated antigens are tissue specific while others are ubiquitously overexpressed in senescent cells. In particular embodiments of the immunogenic compositions described herein, a senescent cell-associated antigen is an antigen present on the cell surface of a senescent cell (e.g., receptor proteins, channel forming proteins, proteins that facilitate diffusion or active transport of molecules and ion across the membrane, cell recognition proteins, and enzymes). These antigens may be present on the cell surface of a cell exclusively or at a greater level on senescent cells compared with non-senescent cells and are therefore useful as immunogens for evoking a specific immune response. Examples of senescent cell-associated antigens include polypeptides and proteins (including glycoproteins), lipids, glycolipids, and carbohydrate molecules that contribute to or are markers of a senescence cell.

Factors considered when selecting a senescent cell-associated antigen include, for example, expression profile, T-cell receptor threading and profiling, pre-existing tolerance, commonality between subjects and cell types as well as the potential to elicit both T-cell and B-cell immunity. Senescent cell-associated antigens can be identified by differential gene expression analysis using, for instance, gene chip profiling to characterize gene products that are either uniquely expressed or overexpressed in SC. The gene products identified from expression profiling are then matched to proteins known to be part of the surfaceome (see, e.g., Bavik et al., Cancer Res. January 15; 66:794-802 (2006)) to generate a subset of surface proteins specifically expressed or overexpressed on the membrane of the senescent cell. Similarly, other molecules that are specific to senescent cells can be used as antigens, such as carbohydrates, glycoproteins, lipids and gangliosides, or proteins with senescence-specific posttranslational modifications. Such molecules can be identified, for instance, by mass spectrometry analysis of fractionated lysates from senescent vs. normal cells.

In one embodiment, an immunogenic composition comprises at least 1 or at least 2, or more isolated senescent cell-associated antigens. In other embodiments an immunogenic composition comprises at least 3, 4, 5, 6, or more senescent cell-associated antigens. Exemplary senescent cell-associated antigens useful as immunogens in the immunogenic compositions described herein include any one or more of the antigens provided in Table 1 (see, e.g., International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2009/085216 (Table 1), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Other exemplary senescent cell-associated antigens useful as immunogens in the immunogenic compositions described herein include any one or more of the antigens encoded by a polynucleotide that comprises any one of the polynucleotide sequences provided in Table 2 (see also Table 2A that lists the GenBank sequences of Table 2). Non-limiting examples of SCAAgs encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence in Table 2 include ADAMTS7, APLP2, ATP6V0D2, BCHE, C11orf87, CD46, CYB5D2, FBXL7, GPR137B, IFI27L1, IL15RA, LAMP2, MYO10, NEU1, NHSL2, NPAS2, OR1F1, PEA15, RAB23, RARB, RNPC3, SELO, SELT, SEMASB, SERP1, SERPINE1, SLC9A7, SNX3, TBC1D1, TBRG1, TCEANC, TFPI, TNFAIP1, TUBG2, USP18, and ZNF419 (see for example Table 2). Other examples of senescent cell-associated antigens are named in Table 3 and are encoded by the polynucleotides provided in Table 3 (see also, e.g., Sun et al., Nature Medicine published online 5 Aug. 2012; doi:10.1038/nm.2890.)

In a particular embodiment, an immunogenic composition comprises p16INK4a polypeptide, or an antigenic fragment thereof, for use in immunizing a subject. Most senescent cells express the tumor suppressor protein p16INK4a on the cell surface, independent of cell type and senescence inducer (see, e.g., Ohtani et al., J. Med. Invest. 51:146-53 (2004); Campisi et al., Nat. Rev. Med. Cell Biol. 8:729-40 (2007)). Expression of p16INK4a expression is typically undetectable until adulthood and the level of expression increases with age (see, e.g., Zindy et al., Oncogene 15:203-11 (1997)). Moreover, p16INK4a null mice develop and mature normally although they die of cancer in early middle age (see, e.g., Sharpless et al., Nature 413:86-91 (2001)). Without wishing to be bound by theory, p16INK4a peptides may be displayed on the surface of senescent cells in complexes with MHC (major histocompatibility) class 1 molecules.

Evoking an immune response specific for senescent cells that express a SCAAg, such as p16INK4a, wherein the immune response comprises clearance of senescent cells can provide therapeutic benefit. Results from transgenic animal model studies demonstrated that clearance of senescent cells that express p16INK4a delayed acquisition and/or progression of age related diseases (see, e.g., Baker et al., Nature, 479:232-36 (2011); Int'l Patent Application Publication No. WO/2012/177927). Metastasis of tumor cells was significantly inhibited in animals when senescent cells expressing p16INK4a were killed (see, e.g., Int'l Patent Application Publication No. WO 2013/090645).

Immunogenic compositions comprising a p16INK4a polypeptide, or an antigenic fragment thereof, may be prepared using p16INK4a polypeptide derived from a mammal, including but not limited to mouse, rat, or human. Polypeptide sequences for p16INK4a polypeptides from different species are available in public databases, such as GenBank. Amino acid sequences for murine p16INK4a polypeptide are available, for example, at GenBank Nos. AAK83159.1; 158352; and AAA85453.1. Amino acid sequences for human p16INK4a polypeptide are available, for example, at GenBank Nos. P42771.2; NP 000068.1; NP 001182061.1 (see also, e.g., ABC47036.1). Amino acid sequences for rat p16INK4a polypeptide are available, for example, at GenBank Nos. Q9R0Z3.1; NP_113738.1; and AAL76339.1.

An immunogen used in the immunogenic compositions described herein may comprise at least one, or at least two, or at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more antigenic fragments of a senescent cell-associated antigen. Antigenic fragments may also be referred to herein as immunogenic fragments or antigenic (or immunogenic) peptides. An antigenic fragment of a senescent cell-associated antigen that may be used in the immunogenic compositions described herein comprises an immunogenic portion of a full-length senescent cell-associated antigen, Such antigenic fragments may comprise at least 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60 or more contiguous amino acids (or any number of contiguous amino acids between 5-60, including 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 40-55, or 55-60, or more than 60 contiguous amino acids) of a senescent cell-associated polypeptide. In a more particular embodiment, an immunogen used in the immunogenic compositions described herein comprises at least 20 contiguous amino acids. An antigenic fragment of a mature or full-length senescent cell-associated antigen has one or more epitopes that induce a specific immune response, which includes production of antibodies that specifically bind to the antigenic peptide and to the immunogenic portion within the mature and full-length polypeptide from which the antigenic peptide is derived, and to a senescent cell that expresses the polypeptide.

The immunogenic compositions contemplated herein also include those with a mixture of full-length senescent cell-associated antigens (with a signal peptide sequence or without all or a portion of a signal peptide sequence) and antigenic fragments of the same or different senescent cell-associated antigens. A polypeptide from which a signal peptide sequence has been cleaved or removed may also be called a mature polypeptide. In certain embodiments, immunogenic compositions comprise immunogen(s) that comprise two or more antigenic fragments of the same senescent cell-associated antigen. In other certain embodiments, the immunogen(s) comprise at least two antigenic fragments wherein each of the at least two antigenic fragments are derived from different senescent cell-associated antigens. The senescent cell-associated antigens described herein and the antigenic fragments thereof may be produced recombinantly by using any one of a variety of molecular biology and protein expression methods and techniques routinely practiced in the art and described herein.

In other certain embodiments, immunogens for use in the methods described herein comprise fusion polypeptides comprising two or more senescent cell-associated antigens or antigenic fragments thereof. The two or more senescent cell-associated antigens or two or more antigenic fragments of the same or different senescent cell-associated antigens may be linked in tandem with or without spacer amino acids between each of the two or more antigenic moieties. The spacer (or linker) may be a single amino acid (such as for example a glycine residue) or may be two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten amino acids, or may be any number of amino acids between 5 and 100 amino acids, between 5 and 50, 5 and 30, or 5 and 20 amino acids. A polypeptide linker may also include a short peptide linker that may comprise at least two amino acids that are encoded by a nucleotide sequence that is a restriction enzyme recognition site. Examples of such restriction enzyme recognition sites include, for example, BamHI, ClaI, EcoRI, HindIII, KpnI, NcoI, NheI, PmlI, PstI, SalI, and XhoI. The fusion polypeptide may be designed with or without a spacer peptide so long as the two or more antigenic moieties fold properly to maintain antigenic properties of each of the moieties that is observed when each particular antigenic moiety is not present in a fusion polypeptide. If incorporated into a fusion polypeptide, the spacer peptide separates the different antigenic moieties by a distance sufficient to aid or ensure that each properly folds into the secondary and tertiary structures necessary for the desired immunogenic activity.

Surface amino acids in flexible protein regions and which are useful as a linker include glycine (Gly), asparagine (Asn) and serine (Ser). Virtually any permutation of amino acid sequences containing Gly, Asn, and Ser would be expected to satisfy the above criteria for a peptide linker sequence. Other near-neutral amino acids, such as threonine (Thr) and alanine (Ala), may also be used in the linker sequence. Suitable spacer peptides may comprise between from 5 to 100 amino acids and in certain embodiments, comprise between from 5 to 20 amino acids in length. Examples of such linkers include, but are not limited to (Gly₄ Ser (SEQ ID NO:1))_(n) (i.e., Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)_(n)), wherein n=1-12, or n=1-8, or n=1-4; Gly₄ SerGly₅ Ser (SEQ ID NO: 2) (i.e., Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser); and (Gly₄ SerGly₅ Ser (SEQ ID NO:2))_(m), (i.e., Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)_(m)) wherein m=2-4.

As described herein, an antigenic fragment comprises at least one immunogenic epitope. In certain embodiments, the number of contiguous amino acid residues in an antigen fragment is sufficient to comprise a conformational epitope that may be formed by non-contiguous portions of a senescent cell associated antigen. Alternatively, a fusion polypeptide may comprise two fragments that each comprise at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 contiguous amino acids of a senescent cell associated antigen and together with or without a spacer moiety properly fold to form a conformational epitope.

In certain instances senescent cells may be used to screen for the presence of senescent cell associated antigens and relevant epitopes for use in preparing antigenic fragments. Such targets can be prepared using random, or selected, synthetic peptide libraries. Alternatively, synthetic peptides of approximately 10-20 amino acids in length may be prepared from an identified senescent cell associated antigen, overlapping by 5-10 residues, which are characterized using any one of a number of immunoassays available in the art. In certain instances, a T cell epitope may be identified by preparing overlapping peptides of between 5-10 contiguous amino acids (e.g., 9 amino acids) of a senescence cell associated antigen. Similarly, B cell epitopes may be identified by preparing overlapping peptides. See, for example, Sturniolo at al., Nature Biotech. 17: 555-61 (1999); Jameson et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 4:181-186 (1988); Nakai et al., Trends Biochem. Sci. 24:34-36 (1999); Hopp, Pept. Res. 6:183-90 (1993); Hofmann et al., Biomed. Biochim. Acta 46:855-66 (1987); Menendez et al., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 6:101-105 (1990), which describe methods for identifying antigenic epitopes.

A person skilled in the art would readily appreciate that senescent cell-associated antigens such as p16INK4a, those listed in Table 1, and those encoded by the nucleotide sequences provided in Tables 2 and 3 are exemplary sequences and that variants of each antigen may exist. These variants may have amino acid sequences that are not identical to the exemplary sequences described herein and in the art, yet the variants exhibit the same immunogenicity as the antigens comprising the exemplary sequences (i.e., the immunogenicity is not reduced in a statistically significant, clinically significant, or biologically significant manner). These variants (or species) of individual senescent cell-associated antigens may include amino acid substitutions, deletions, or additions from the exemplary amino acid sequences. A senescent cell-associated antigen species includes antigens that comprise at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% amino acid sequence identity to the exemplary senescent cell-associated antigen amino acid sequences provided herein, including those in Table 1 and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences provided in each of Tables 2 and 3, and those described herein for p16INK4a. Percent identity of one amino acid sequence to one or more additional sequences may be determined using any one of the alignment tools described herein and used in the art.

Often a variant will have an amino acid substituted with another amino acid that is included within the same group, such as the group of polar residues, charged residues, hydrophobic residues, and/or small residues, and the like. The effect of any amino acid substitution may be determined empirically merely by testing the resulting modified peptide, polypeptide, or fusion polypeptide for the ability to function in a biological assay, or to bind to a cognate ligand or target molecule, such as a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody.

Senescent cell-associated antigen variants also include those that have amino acid substitutions, deletions or insertions, which may be introduced during chemical synthesis or recombinant production, whichever method is used to produce the particular immunogen. Substitutions, insertions, and deletions of one or more amino acids of the amino acid sequences described herein are those that do not adversely affect or alter (i.e., decrease or reduce in a statistically or biologically significant manner) the immunogenicity of the antigen or antigenic fragment thereof in a statistically, biologically, or clinically significant manner. As described herein, retention of immunogenicity includes the capability to evoke an immune response against a senescent cell, such as production of antibodies that specifically bind to the cognate antigen present on the senescent cell.

In general, an amino acid substitution that may be included in a senescent cell-associated antigen is a conservative substitution. Conservative substitutions of amino acids are well known and may occur naturally or may be introduced when the senescent cell-associated antigen or fusion polypeptide comprising the antigen is recombinantly produced or when the polynucleotide encoding the antigen is produced. A variety of criteria understood by a person skilled in the art indicates whether an amino acid that is substituted at a particular position in an immunogenic peptide or polypeptide is conservative (or similar). For example, a similar amino acid or a conservative amino acid substitution is one in which an amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Similar amino acids may be included in the following categories: amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine); amino acids with acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid); amino acids with uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, histidine); amino acids with nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan); amino acids with beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine), and amino acids with aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan). Proline, which is considered more difficult to classify, shares properties with amino acids that have aliphatic side chains (e.g., leucine, valine, isoleucine, and alanine). In certain circumstances, substitution of glutamine for glutamic acid or asparagine for aspartic acid may be considered a similar substitution in that glutamine and asparagine are amide derivatives of glutamic acid and aspartic acid, respectively. As understood in the art “similarity” between two polypeptides is determined by comparing the amino acid sequence and conserved amino acid substitutes thereto of the peptide or polypeptide to the sequence of a second peptide or polypeptide, respectively, using any one of the algorithms, such as Align or the BLAST algorithm, or other algorithms described herein and practiced in the art.

Amino acid substitutions, deletions, and additions may be introduced into an a senescent cell associated antigen or antigenic fragment thereof during chemical synthesis of the polynucleotide that encodes the peptide or fusion polypeptide. Alternatively, amino acid substitutions, deletions, and additions may be introduced into an immunogenic peptide or fusion polypeptide recombinantly using well-known and routinely practiced mutagenesis methods (see, e.g., Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, N Y 2001)). Oligonucleotide-directed site-specific (or segment specific) mutagenesis procedures may be employed to provide an altered polynucleotide that has particular codons altered according to the substitution, deletion, or insertion desired. Alternatively, random mutagenesis techniques, such as alanine scanning mutagenesis, error prone polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis, and oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis may be used to prepare immunogenic peptide and fusion polypeptide variants (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra).

Assays for assessing whether a respective senescent cell associated antigen or an antigenic fragment thereof prepared for immunization folds into a conformation comparable to the antigen as expressed by a senescent cell include, for example, the ability of the protein to react with mono- or polyclonal antibodies that are specific for native or unfolded epitopes, the retention of ligand-binding functions, and the sensitivity or resistance of the mutant protein to digestion with proteases (see Sambrook et al., supra). Such variants can be identified, characterized, and/or made according to methods described herein or other methods known in the art, which are routinely practiced by persons skilled in the art.

Polynucleotides and Recombinant Expression Vectors

In certain embodiments, the immunogenic composition useful in a method for inducing an immune response specific for a senescent cell comprises at least one polynucleotide that encodes a senescent cell-associated antigens or antigenic fragment thereof as an immunogen. In certain embodiments, the at least one polynucleotide encodes at least two senescent cell-associated antigens or antigenic fragments thereof. In other embodiments, the immunogen comprises two polynucleotides, wherein each of the two polynucleotides encodes a different senescent cell-associated antigen or antigenic fragment thereof. In a more specific embodiment, a polynucleotide useful in the immunogenic compositions encodes at least or at least two or more senescent cell-associated antigens wherein the polynucleotide(s) comprises a nucleic acid sequence provided in either Table 2 or Table 3. In another embodiment, the polynucleotide of the composition comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a senescent cell-associated antigen provided in Table 1. In still another specific embodiment, the polynucleotide of the composition comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes p16INK4a (including but not limited to murine, rat, non-human primate, and human p16INK4a).

A polynucleotide that is an immunogen may be administered as a “naked polynucleotide” or may be incorporated into a recombinant expression vector that is administered to the subject (see, e.g., Ulmer et al., Science 259:1745-49, 1993 and reviewed by Cohen, Science 259:1691-1692, 1993). Also provided herein are recombinant expression vectors that comprise the polynucleotide that encodes a senescent cell associated antigen or antigenic fragment thereof. To obtain efficient transcription and translation of the immunogen (i.e., the senescent cell-associated antigen or antigenic fragment thereof), the encoding polynucleotide sequences in each vector should include at least one appropriate expression control sequence (also called a regulatory expression sequence or feature) (e.g., promoter, enhancer, leader), which are described in greater detail herein, that is operatively linked to the encoding polynucleotide sequence(s). These recombinant expression vectors are thus provided for expression of the senescent cell-associated antigen or antigenic fragment thereof in any appropriate host cell that has been transformed, transduced, or transfected with a recombinant expression vector. The recombinant expression vector may also include nucleotide sequences that encode a co-stimulatory molecule, which provides transcription and translation of the senescent cell-associated antigen (or fragment thereof) and the co-stimulatory molecule in the same cell.

The recombinant expression vector may be a plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA. Plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA that contains one or more polynucleotides encoding an immunogen as described herein are readily constructed using standard techniques well known in the art. The vector genome may be typically constructed in a plasmid form that can then be transfected into a packaging or producer cell line. The plasmid generally comprises sequences useful for replication of the plasmid in bacteria. Such plasmids are well known in the art. In addition, vectors that include a prokaryotic origin of replication may also include a gene whose expression confers a detectable or selectable marker such as a drug resistance. Typical bacterial drug resistance products are those that confer resistance to ampicillin or tetracycline. For analysis to confirm that the correct nucleotide sequences are incorporated in plasmids, the plasmid may be replicated in E. coli, purified, and analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion and/or its nucleotide sequence determined by conventional methods.

In other particular embodiments, the recombinant expression vector is a viral vector. Exemplary recombinant expression viral vectors include a lentiviral vector, poxvirus vector, adenovirus vector, adenovirus-associated virus vector, or a herpes virus vector. In other embodiments, the recombinant expression vector is of prokaryotic origin, and includes recombinant bacteria and recombinant expression vectors that are expressed in bacteria.

A number of suitable, available lentiviral genome based vectors are available in the art, including those identified for human gene therapy applications (see, e.g., Pfeifer et al., Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2:177-211 (2001)). Suitable lentiviral vector genomes include those based on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1), HIV-2, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), equine infectious anemia virus, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) and maedi/visna virus. A desirable characteristic of lentiviruses is that they are able to infect both dividing and non-dividing cells. Safety features of the vector genome are desirably incorporated. Safety features include self-inactivating LTR and a non-integrating genome. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,273,345 (describing lentiviral vectors for targeted delivery to a dendritic cell); U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0297168; Simmons et al., Virol. J. 3:8 (2006).

In certain embodiments, a recombinant expression vector is an adenovirus vector. The adenovirus genome is well characterized and the biology of the adenoviruses is known in the art in detail. The adenovirus is not associated with severe human pathology in immunocompetent individuals. Adenovirus particles may be used for efficiently introducing a polynucleotide into a host cell, and the virus is capable of infecting a large variety of cells.

The adenovirus has a double-stranded linear genome with inverted terminal repeats at both ends. During viral replication, the genome is packaged inside a viral capsid to form a virion. The virus enters its target cell through viral attachment followed by internalization (Hitt et al., Advances in Pharmacology 40:137-206, 1997.) Adenovirus vectors may be based on different adenoviruses that are characterized as human or non-human animal or avian serotypes. Examples of non-human animal adenoviruses include bovine, porcine, simian, murine, canine, and avian adenoviruses. Adenoviral vectors can contain regions from a single adenovirus or from two or more adenovirus serotypes.

An adenovirus may be rendered replication defective by deletion of the early-region 1 (E1) of the viral genome. Most adenoviral vectors currently used in gene therapy have a deletion in the E1 region, where genetic information of interest is introduced. Human adenoviruses have been categorized into about six different subgroups that encompass 51 distinct adenovirus serotypes. A serotype is defined on the basis of its immunological distinctiveness determined by quantitative neutralization assays using animal antisera. Simian adenoviral vectors may also be used in the methods described herein for evoking an immune response specific for a SCAAg and that comprises clearance of senescent cells. Adenoviral serotypes that may be used for constructing recombinant expression vectors include human adenoserotypes, for example, Ad1, Ad2, Ad6, Ad5, Ad11, Ad12, Ad24, Ad26, Ad34, Ad35, Ad48, Ad49, and Ad50, and simian adenoserotypes, for example, common chimpanzee adenovirus (Ch) subtypes ChAd55, ChAd73, ChAd83, ChAd146, ChAd147, and ponobo chimpanzee adenovirus (Pan) subtypes, PanAd1, PanAd2, and PanAd3.

Adenoviral vectors include recombinant vectors that are either replication-defective or replication-competent. Replication-defective adenoviral vectors typically lack the E1A gene (required for induction of adenovirus expression and DNA replication) and E1B genes (called E1) and instead contain an expression cassette consisting of a promoter and pre-mRNA processing signals that drive expression of a gene encoding a non-adenoviral polypeptide, such as an immunogen of interest. E3 genes or portions thereof may also be deleted.

Historically, the usefulness of adenovirus as a vehicle for transgene delivery has been limited by induction of neutralizing anti-adenoviral immunity following an initial administration, resulting in shorter-term and reduced levels of transgene expression. Serotype Ad5 vectors, for example, were developed (see. e.g., Chroboczek, et al., J. Virology 186:280-285 (1992)); however, neutralizing antibodies to Ad5 are highly prevalent in humans. More recently, serotype Ad5 vectors have been modified to provide more effective immunization against an antigen of interest delivered by the adenovirus. By way of example, adenoviral vectors that may be used in the methods described herein for inducing an immune response specific for a senescent cell include chimeric Ad5-based constructs in which the hexons from Ad6 is incorporated in place of the Ad5 hexon (see, e.g., Youil, et al., Human Gene Therapy 13(2): 311-320 (2002) (16:10.1089/10430340252769824). Other Ad5/Ad6 adenoviral vectors may be used for expressing a senescent cell associated antigen for inducing an immune response against senescent cells (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,142,794 (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0233992).

In certain specific embodiments, the adenovirus vector used in the immunogenic compositions described herein is a replication-defective adenovirus and has a serotype that is less likely to have induced pre-existing immunity to the serotype, such as a serotype selected from Ad11, Ad24, Ad26, Ad34, Ad35, Ad48, Ad49, and Ad50. In another particular embodiment, the serotype is Ad11, AD35, or AD49. In a more particular embodiment, the serotype is AD35. In certain embodiments, two or more recombination expression vectors are used as immunogens for expression of two or more senescent cell-associated antigens or two or more two or more antigenic fragments of the same or different senescent cell-associated antigens, and each recombination vector is independently selected from an adenovirus serotype Ad11, Ad24, Ad26, Ad34, Ad35, Ad48, Ad49, and Ad50. Exemplary adenoviral vectors can be prepared according to Crucell AdVac® technology (Crucell, Leiden, The Netherlands). See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,221,971; 8,202,723; 8,114,637; 8,052,967; 8,012,467; 7,820,440; 7,781,208; 7,749,493; 7,741,099.

A recombinant adenovirus that at least a deletion in the E1 region to accommodate insertion of genetic information related to expression of the SCAAg(s) of interest may include sequences encoding the E1B-55K gene product that increases the expression of the pIX gene present in the adenovirus and which expresses a non-functional E1B-55K gene product (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,052,967). These adenoviruses appear more stable and/or can incorporate more exogenous DNA than the corresponding adenovirus that lacks all E1B-coding sequences. Alternatively, or in addition to, the presence of E1B-55K sequences increasing the expression of the pIX gene, the sequences preceding the pIX-coding sequence may be changed into a stronger promoter, which may be a heterologous promoter, to increase the expression of pIX, resulting in an increase of the stability of a recombinant adenovirus and/or an increase of the packaging capacity of the adenoviral particle produced.

As described herein, exogenous genetic information that encodes one or more SCAAgs of interest can be inserted into the genome where adenoviral E1 sequences have been deleted. In addition to the E1 region deletion, E3 sequences can also be deleted from such adenoviral vectors to increase the capacity for SCAA genetic information. For example, B-type adenovirus serotypes such as Ad34 and Ad35 have a different E3 region than other serotypes, which region is involved in suppressing immune response to adenoviral products.

Adenovirus capsid, in particular the penton and/or the hexon proteins, may induce an immune response to the adenoviral vector. Thus, the adenoviral vector may comprise the elements of at least one capsid protein or functional part thereof, such as fiber, penton and/or hexon proteins or a gene encoding at least one of them from a less immunogenic subtype, such as Ad35. In other certain embodiments, any one of the fiber, penton, and hexon proteins may be encoded by a gene derived from a simian (e.g., chimpanzee) adenovirus. Other deletions and various combinations of part or complete deletions of E2, E3, and E4 regions, combined with the E1 deletion, can be used, if necessary, in combination with a packaging cell comprising the genetic information lacking in the adenoviral vector when necessary for replication of the adenoviral vector. For delivery of the transgene, the adenoviral particle can be targeted specifically to target cells of interest via binding to that specific cell either through capsid-receptor binding or through other means.

Targeting of adenoviruses can be performed in many different ways to deliver the adenoviral vectors to the cells of interest using methods routinely practiced in the art. By way of example, capsid alterations (fiber, hexon and/or penton modifications, such as deletions, swaps between fibers of different serotypes, and additions of peptides and/or other binding moieties), wherein chimeric fibers are produced that recognize a receptor present on the cell of interest or wherein the binding of the penton-base is used. Other possibilities are linking targeting moieties to the capsid proteins wherein, for instance, binding peptides, known and strong binding proteins, or antibodies or parts thereof, are linked to the capsid proteins to achieve specific targeting.

In a particular embodiment, the adenovirus vector is a recombinant adenovirus of adenovirus serotype 35 (Ad35) wherein at least the Ad35 fiber knob has been replaced by the fiber knob of a serotype that binds to the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR). The Ad35 fiber knob may be replaced with the sequence that encodes the fiber knob from serotype Ad5 or the knob, shaft and part of the tail may be replaced. The shaft and tail of the fiber may be of the carrying backbone serotype, such as Ad35, whereas the shaft domain is of the same serotype as fiber knob serotype. When the tail region is derived from the backbone serotype, the interaction of the adenovirus with the remaining part of the capsid will more likely result in production of stable vectors in the art.

In other certain embodiments, a recombinant expression vector is an adenoviral vector that is a simian adenovirus vector (see, e.g., Int'l Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 03/046124; WO 03/000851; WO 2010/085984; WO 2012/089833; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2011/0129498; 2013/0101618; U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,716). By way of non-limiting example, the adenoviral vector may be derived from a chimpanzee adenovirus, which may be a common chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd) or a bonobo chimpanzee adenovirus (PanAd). By using a simian adenoviral vector, an adverse effect associated with the preexisting immunity in humans to common serotypes of human adenoviruses can be avoided. The adenovirus types ChAd55, ChAd73, ChAd83, ChAd146, ChAd147, PanAd1, PanAd2, and PanAd3 are characterized by a the absence of preexisting neutralizing antibody in humans directed against these adenovirus types (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2011/012949, and references cited therein).

Simian adenoviral vectors may contain one or more of the fiber, hexon, and penton proteins of ChAd55, ChAd73, ChAd83, ChAd146, ChAd147, PanAd1, PanAd2, and/or PanAd3. Fiber, hexon, and penton proteins are adenovirus capsid proteins that represent the most surface exposed adenovirus epitopes. The aforementioned chimpanzee hexon, penton, and fiber protein sequences may also be used to improve other adenoviruses by replacing one or more of these major structural capsid proteins or functional fragments thereof of any adenovirus, such as any of the human adenoviruses described herein and known in the art, which provide recombinant adenoviruses with a reduced seroprevalence in humans.

As with human adenoviral vectors, simian adenoviral vectors are preferably replication defective, meaning that the adenovirus is incapable of replication because it has been engineered to comprise at least a functional deletion or a complete removal of a gene product that is essential for viral replication. For example, and as described herein, one or more genes selected from the group consisting of E1A, E1B, E2A, E2B, E3 and E4 gene can be deleted, rendered non-functional, and/or can be replaced with sequences that includes appropriate expression control sequence(s) operatively linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding one or more SCAAg(s).

In still other embodiments, the recombinant viral vector is an adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) vector. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a replication-deficient parvovirus that is able to infect a wide spectrum of cells without inducing any effects on cellular growth, morphology, or differentiation. AAV is non-pathogenic. The AAV genome has been sequenced and well characterized. The single-stranded DNA genome is about 4.7 kb in length and includes 145 nucleotide inverted terminal repeat (ITRs). The ITRs play a role in integration of the AAV DNA into the host cell genome. The remainder of the genome is divided into two essential regions that carry the encapsidation functions: the left-hand part of the genome, which contains the rep gene involved in viral replication and expression of the viral genes; and the right-hand part of the genome, which contains the cap gene encoding the capsid proteins. When AAV infects a host cell, the viral genome integrates into the host's chromosome resulting in latent infection of the cell. In the instances of recombinant AAV vectors having no Rep and/or Cap genes, the AAV can be non-integrating and exists transiently, as an episome. AAV depends upon a helper virus (for example, adenovirus or herpesvirus) to provide genes that allow for production of AAV in the infected cell. In the case of adenovirus, genes E1A, E1B, E2A, E4 and VA provide helper functions. Upon infection with a helper virus, the AAV provirus is rescued and amplified, and both AAV and adenovirus are produced. To date, at least 11 serotypes of AAV have been identified and isolated from humans or primates.

AAV vectors are designed such that all viral genes are replaced by an expression cassette for the transgene encoding the polypeptide of interest (e.g., an SCAAg), leaving intact the essential cis elements of the genome, the inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), DNA packaging signal, and the replication origin. Replication and packaging of AAV vectors requires all AAV and Adenovirus/HSV helper functions to be provided in trans. While wild-type AAV is capable of integrating in a site-specific manner into human chromosome 19, site-specific integration of recombinant AAV does not occur to a significant extent because of the lack of Rep protein expression. Onset of transgene expression is generally delayed by 2-4 weeks.

The ability of AAV vectors to infect a broad host range, transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells in vitro and in vivo, and maintain high levels of expression of the transduced genes in the absence of a significant immune response to the transgene product in general have made AAV an attractive vector for recombinant use. AAV vector particles are thought to be non-pathogenic and are heat stable, resistant to solvents, detergents, and changes in pH and temperature. The ITRs have been shown to be the only cis elements required for replication and packaging and may contain some promoter activities. Thus, no viral genes are encoded by AAV vectors.

In another particular embodiment, the recombinant viral vector is a Herpes Simplex vector, such as a Herpes Simplex I (HSV1) or a Herpes Simplex II (HSV2) viral vector. The HSV1 genome has been sequenced and comprises 152 kb encoding at least 80 gene products, about half of which are essential for viral replication. The HSV2 genome has also been sequenced and comprises 155 kb encoding 74 gene products, corresponding closely to the HSV1 genome. The lytic pathway of HSV infection is characterized by the regulated sequential expression of three ordered classes of viral gene products: immediate early (IE or α), early (E or 13), and late (L or γ) genes. Upon release of the viral DNA into the host cell nucleus, the viral genome circularizes and expression of five IE genes (infected cell protein ICP4, ICP27, ICP0, ICP22, and ICP47) is induced. V16 binds to an enhancer element present in all IE promoters and activates transcription. The IE genes are involved in transactivation of the E genes, which encode DNA polymerase and other proteins involved in altering the intracellular milieu to favor viral replication. Expression of the L genes follows which mostly encode structural proteins of the capsid, tegument, and envelope. A productive HSV infection results in death of the host cell.

The HSV genome can also be grouped according to whether they are essential or nonessential to viral replication. Essential genes are required to produce new infectious viral particles in permissive cell culture infections. Non-essential, or accessory, genes encode proteins that are not required but are important for optimum lytic replication or affect the life cycle of the virus in vivo (e.g., host range, pathogenesis, latency). In the unique short (US) region of the HSV genome, glycoprotein D is the only essential gene. Large segments of viral sequence in the US region may be replaced with a transgene of interest. The HSV genome may accommodate up to 40-50 kb of exogenous sequence.

Several factors contribute to the interest in HSV based vectors for vaccines. HSV sequences are known and well characterized; HSV elicits strong and durable immune responses by various routes of administration; HSV has a large cargo capacity (>160 kb); the viral DNA persists in the host cell nucleus as an episomal element; HSV genome carries the tk gene which can be exploited to kill infected cells with appropriate drugs (e.g., gangcyclovir). The use of vectors derived from HSV type I and type II is well known in the art and has been previously described (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,071,692; 6,613,892; 6,838,279; WO2000/077167; WO1990/009441; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,707; 5,288,641; WO2005/092374; U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,892; WO2006/004878; and US2011/0171257). Vectors based on HSV type I or type II include: replication-defective viruses; amplicon vectors; and attenuated viruses.

Attenuated, replication-competent viral vectors have mutations or deletions of non-essential genes (see, e.g., Hu and Coffin, 2003, Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 55:165-84; Todo, 2008, Front. Biosci. 13:2060-4; Varghese and Rabkin, 2002, Cancer Gene Ther. 9:967-78; Hunter et al., 1999, J. Virol. 73:6319-6326; US Patent Publication 20080089910;). Non-essential HSV genes, such as thymidine kinase, ribonucleotide reductase, virion-host shut off, and ICP34.5, are involved in replication, virulence, and immune evasion and optimize viral growth in host cells. Deletion or modification of non-essential genes may yield HSV mutants with decreased pathogenicity, such as, reduced replication in normal quiescent cells but replication ability in tumor or dividing cells. ICP34.5 deleted HSV, either alone or in combination with deletion of ribonucleotide reductase, replicate selectively in malignant cells (see, e.g., Shah et al., 2003, J. Neurooncol. 65:203-226; Post et al., 2004, Curr. Gene Ther. 4:41-51). HSV has been shown to infect dendritic cells, suggesting that HSV may be used to deliver transgenes to dendritic cells for vaccination (see, e.g., Kruse t al., 2000, J. Virol. 74:7127-7136; Coffin et al., 1998, Gene Ther. 5:718-722; Mikloska et al, 2001, J. Virol. 75:5958-5964). Attenuated HSV vectors for dendritic cells have been previously described (U.S. Pat. No. 6,641,817).

Replication-defective (incompetent) vectors derive from mutant HSV viruses with mutations or deletions in one or more genes essential for the lytic cycle. A transgene may be inserted in the viral genome so that it is packaged into the viral particle along with HSV DNA. Replication defective HSV are grown in complementing cell lines which provide the missing essential gene(s) in trans. Replication-defective vectors, in which one or more of the IE genes (ICP0, ICP4, ICP22, ICP27, and ICP47) are deleted in various combinations, have been constructed (see, e.g., Kaplitt et al., 1997, J. Neurosci. Methods 71:125-132; Krisky et al., 1998, Gene Ther. 5:1593-1603; Krisky et al., Gene Ther. 1997, 4:1120-1125; Wu et al., 1996, J. Virol. 70:6358-6369). Alternatively, HSV mutants with inactivated VP16 may be used to circumvent the use of complementing cell lines expression IE proteins. Inactivation of VP16 to eliminate its IE gene transactivation function in HSV vectors, combined with conditional mutations in ICP4 and ICP0 can express foreign genes without killing the host cell (see, e.g., Preston et al., 1997, Virology 229:228-239). In yet another example, deletion of virion host shutoff protein (VHS) from replication incompetent HSV vectors allows activation of dendritic cells and induction of antigen-specific T cell responses (see, e.g., Samady et al., 2003, J. Virol. 77:3768-3776).

Amplicons are plasmid-derived vectors engineered to contain both the origin of HSV DNA replication (ori) and HSV cleavage/packaging signal (pac). Upon transfection into mammalian cells with HSV helper functions, amplicons are replicated and amplified as head-to-tail linked concatamers, which are then packaged into viral particles. Several advantages of using amplicon vectors for gene delivery include: a large transgene capacity; ability to introduce multiple copies of the transgene per infected cell; ability to infect wide variety of host cells; easy construction; and limited toxicity.

There are several methods known in the art for producing amplicon particles. One prepares amplicon vectors in cells transfected with amplicon plasmid and infected with replication-defective helper HSVs. However, the use of HSV as helper virus may result in helper-contaminated vector stocks, which can induce cytotoxicity and inflammation (see, e.g., Epstein et al., 2005, Curr. Gene Ther. 5:445-458; Zhang et al., 2006, J. Virol. Methods 137:177-183; Sia et al., 2007, J. Virol. Methods 139:166-174). Alternatively, conditional packaging helper viruses using Cre/loxP-based site-specific recombination to remove the packaging signal may be used (Logvinoff and Epstein, 2000, Virology 267:102-110; Zaupa et al., 2003, Human Gene Therapy 14:1049-1063). Yet another option is provide a plasmid comprising the HSV genome, without the packaging signals, e.g., by using pac-deleted overlapping cosmids (see, e.g., Fraefel et al., 1996, J. Virol. 70:7190-7197) or a pac-deleted and ICP27-deleted BAC-HSV-1 (see, e.g., Saeki et al., 2001, Mol. Ther. 3:591-601).

In other certain embodiments, the immunogenic composition useful in a method for inducing an immune response specific for a senescent cell comprises a bacterial delivery system that comprises a recombinant bacterium into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced. In a certain particular embodiment, the recombinant bacterium is a recombinant Listeria bacterium, which may be attenuated (see, e.g., Bower et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:5102-107 (2006); Chamekh, Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 32:1-4 (2010); U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,695,725; 7,833,775; 7,927,606; 7,935,804; 8,287,883; 8,580,939). Listeria has been used to stimulate cellular immunity because of its intracellular life cycle. After the bacteria infect the host, the bacteria are taken up by phagocytes into a phagolysosomal compartment. The majority of the bacteria are subsequently degraded, and peptides of the antigen of interest are presented as MHC II-peptide complexes. The recombinant expression vector introduced into the bacteria, such as Listeria, comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes at least one appropriate bacterial expression control sequence (e.g., promoter, enhancer, leader) that is operatively linked to the encoding polynucleotide sequence(s) for a senescence cell-associated antigen(s). The polynucleotide sequence encoding the senescence cell-associated antigen (SCAAg) may also comprise a signal peptide sequence (e.g., a bacterial signal peptide) fused in frame to the amino terminal end of the SCAAg. In other embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes the SCAAg fused in frame with a polypeptide that enhances expression and processing of the SCAAg. In one embodiment, the SCAAg is fused in frame with an autolysin. The autolysin polypeptide has been shown useful for efficient expression and secretion of a heterologous antigen in Listeria (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,842,289).

Recombinant expression viral vectors may be incorporated into a vector particle that comprises a recombinant expression system that comprises one recombinant expression vector (also called a first recombinant expression vector) comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one senescent cell-associated antigen or antigenic fragment thereof and a second recombinant expression vector that includes a polynucleotide sequence that encodes a second senescent cell-associated antigen or antigenic fragment thereof. Alternatively the second recombinant expression vector may encode a co-stimulatory molecule.

In certain embodiments, the recombinant expression vectors or viral particles are engineered to be delivered to a target cell using methods and techniques known to and practiced by persons skilled in the art. In particular embodiments, the target cell is an immune cell that is an antigen-presenting cell, such as a dendritic cell. Such methods comprise contacting (i.e., permitting interaction) of the target cell with a vehicle that delivers the polynucleotide.

In yet another embodiment, recombinant viral vectors are recombinant viruses that are senolytic and are replication competent or conditionally replication competent. Virus replication leads to amplification, killing of the senescent cell, and introduction of the progeny virus into other senescent cells. Because of the inherent cytotoxicity and efficiency with which viruses can infect other cells, recombinant viruses may be prepared that exhibit a high enough degree of senescent cell selectivity, and hence safety, for treatment of a subject in need of removal of senescent cells to treat or prevent a disease or disorder. The viruses are constructions so that the viruses are attenuated in normal cells but retain their ability to kill senescent cells. Such engineering may include modifying the ability of viruses to bind to, or replicate in senescent cells, while others have involved the construction of replication-competent viruses encoding suicide proteins. The SCAAgs described herein may be used to target senescent cells replication competent or conditionally replication competent viruses.

The SCAAgs described herein are useful for identifying ligands, including antibodies, of the respective SCAAg, which may be used for targeting a lytic virus to senescent cells. By way of example, SCAAg as described herein may be used to prepare an antibody that specifically binds to the SCAAg. Antigen binding fragments (e.g., Fv, sFv, one or more CDRs with one or more adjacent framework regions) of the antibody may be prepared either synthetically or recombinantly according to methods routinely practiced in the art. Mutant viral vectors may be prepared in which the viral vector comprises on its surface a viral surface protein (or portion thereof) that is fused in frame with an antigen binding fragment that specifically binds to a SCAAg, such as a senescent cell surface polypeptide, to target the viral vector to a senescent cell. In other embodiments, the viral surface protein is fused in frame with a ligand, or a senescent cell binding peptide of the ligand, of a SCAAg. Senolytic viruses include by way of non-limiting example, HSV, lentiviruses, pox viruses, adenoviruses, rhabdoviruses, measles viruses, Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), rhabdoviruses (e.g., vesicular stomatitis virus), reovirus, and Seneca Valley viruses. See, e.g., Dalba et al., Mol Ther. 2007 March; 15(3):457-66. Epub 2007 Jan. 23; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,096; 5,728,379; 7,501,126; 7,749,745; Doronin et al., J. Virol. 74:6147-55 (2000); Sarkar et al., Cell Cycle 2006 July; 5(14):1531-6. Epub 2006 Jul. 17; Lorence et al. (eds): Replication-Competent Viruses for Cancer Therapy.Monogr Virol. Basel, Karger, 2001, vol 22, pp 160-182 (DOI: 10.1159/000061724); Int'l Appl. Publ. No. WO 2002/053760).

Conditionally replication competent senolytic viruses also include those from which at least one regulatory element for expression of an essential viral gene is replaced with a regulatory element, such as a p16 promoter, to ensure that the virus replicates and subsequently kills only senescent cells (see, e.g., Int'l Appl. Publ. No. WO 2013/158664). A viral surface protein of such a virus may be fused in frame with an antigen binding fragment that specifically binds to a SCAAg or fused in frame with a ligand, or peptide thereof, of the SCAAg for binding specifically to a senescent cell.

In yet another embodiment, a virus such as rhabdovirus, may be engineered to target and kill senescent cells and also express an immunostimulatory molecule that promotes removal of the virus by the immune system (see, e.g., Batenchuk et al., Blood Cancer Journal (2013) 3, e123; doi:10.1038/bcj.2013.23; Published online 12 Jul. 2013). Without wishing to be bound by theory, the destruction of the senescent cells evokes an immune response to senescent cell associated antigens that promotes continued clearance of senescent cells.

Exosomes, Senescent Cell Membranes, Senescent Cell Lysates

In certain embodiments, the immunogenic composition for evoking an immune response specific for a senescent cell in a subject is an exosome comprising at least one senescent cell-associated antigen or antigenic fragment thereof. Exosomes are nanovesicles of endosomal origin that are secreted in the extracellular environment following fusion of late endosomal multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane (see, e.g., Garin et al., 2001, J. Cell Biol. 152:165-80). Cells from various tissue types have been shown to secrete exosomes, including dendritic cells, immune cells (e.g., B-cells and T cells), tumor cells, mast cells, and senescent cells. Exosomes from different cell types exhibit discrete sets of proteins and lipid moieties that reflect their cells of origin (see, e.g., Thery et al., 1999, 147:599-610; Thery et al., 2001, J. Immunol. 166:7309-18). Exosomes display proteins involved in antigen presentation (MHC Class I and MHC Class II) (Iero et al., 2008, Cell Death Differ. 15:80-88). Their main protein markers are tetraspanins (CD63, CD9), Alix, and TSG101, and they are able to mediate immune response by activating T cells (via antigen presentation); natural killer cells (via NKG2D ligand binding); and dendritic cells (via antigen transfer) (see, e.g., Thery et al., 2009, Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9:581-593). Though their precise biological function and mechanism have yet to be determined and without wishing to be bound by theory, exosomes are thought to be involved in cell-cell communication, leading to immune modulation. By way of example, exosomes from dendritic cells pulsed with peptides derived from tumor antigens elicit anti-tumor immune responses in an animal model having the matching tumor (see, e.g., Wolfers et al., 2001, Nat. Med. 7:297-303; Zitvogel et al., 1998, Nat. Med. 4:594-600). Accordingly, exosomes based immunotherapy may be useful as a cell-free vaccine (see, e.g., Viaud et al., 2010, Cancer Res. 70:1281-5; Tan et al., 2010, Intl. J. Nanomed. 5:889-900).

Exosome producing cells may be any cell, preferably of mammalian origin, that produces and secretes membrane vesicles of endosomal origin by fusion of late endosomal multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Endosomal producing cells include, for example, dendritic cells, B cells, tumor cells, senescent cells, T cells, and mast cells. In one embodiment, exosome-producing cells are mammalian senescent cells, mammalian T cells, and mammalian dendritic cells, typically murine (useful for preclinical studies) or human. Dendritic cell exosomes are capable of activating T cells and NK cells. In certain embodiments, exosomes may be obtained from any autologous subject-derived cells, heterologous haplotype-matched cells, or heterologous stem cells to reduce or avoid the generation of an immune response in a subject to whom the exosomes are administered. For evoking production of antibody(ies), B cells may be used as exosome producing cells because the resulting exosomes comprise accessory functions and molecules such as MHC Class II molecules that facilitate antibody production. Additionally, B cell exosomes are able to bind follicular dendritic cells, which is a feature of antibody induction. Exosomes from other cells types, such as non-antigen presenting cells, for example, senescent cells, can spread antigens or peptide-loaded MHC complexes to antigen presenting cells for more efficient presentation. Recombinant exosomes comprising recombinant MHC molecules have also been described (see, e.g., WO00/028001, incorporated herein in its entirety). In some embodiments, exosomes originating from one or more cell types may be used as an immunogen for evoking an immune response specific for a senescent cell.

One or more senescent cell-associated antigens or antigenic fragments thereof may be selected for loading of exosome producing cells. If the exosome producing cell is a senescent cell, it is naturally loaded with senescent-cell associated antigens or antigenic fragments thereof. An exosome producing senescent cell may also be modified with specific recombinant senescent cell-associated antigens or antigenic fragments thereof, co-stimulatory molecules, targeting moieties, or loaded with an exogenous antigen (i.e., a helper antigen or carrier protein) to enhance the immune response. A variety of methods known in the art may be used to load antigen presenting cells with antigens, including peptide pulsing (see, e.g., Macatonia et al., 1989, J. Exp. Med. 169:1255; Takahashi et al., 1993, Int. Immunol. 5:849), antigen pulsing (see, e.g., Inaba et al., 1990, J. Exp. Med. 172:631; Hsu et al., 1996, Nat. Med. 2:52); placing cells in contact with one or more antigenic protein complexes; placing cells in contact with cells or membranes of cells expressing antigens or antigenic peptides (“direct transfer”) (see, e.g., Zou et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 15:1); placing cells in contact with membrane vesicles containing antigens or antigenic peptides (e.g., exosomes from senescent cells) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,685,911); placing cells in contact with liposomes containing antigens or antigenic peptides (see, e.g., Nair et al., 1992, J. Exp. Med. 175:609); placing cells in contact with polynucleotides encoding antigens or antigenic peptides (optionally incorporated in vectors of plasmid, viral, or chemical type) (see, e.g., Boczkowsky et al., 1996, J. Exp. Med. 184:465-472; Bhardwaj et al., 1994, J. Clin. Invest. 94:797; Alijagie et al., 1995, Eur. J. Immunol. 25:3100). Methods of producing, purifying, or using exosomes for therapeutic purposes or as research tools are known in the art and have been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,685,911; 7,625,573; PCT Publication Nos. WO99/03499; WO00/44389; WO00/028001; and WO97/05900, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Exosomes produced by the exosome-producing cell may be collected and/or purified using techniques known in the art, such as differential centrifugation, chromatography, etc. (see, e.g., Thery et al., 1999, Cell Biol. 147:500-10; Lehmann et al., 2008, Cancer Res. 68:7864; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0241176; U.S. Pat. No. 6,899,863; PCT Publication No. WO 2000/44389; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Methods for targeting expression of recombinant polypeptides to exosomes using exosome-specific targeting domains (e.g., C1 and/or C2 domains from lactadherin) have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,704,964 and Rountree et al., 2011, Cancer Res. 71:5235, each reference incorporated herein in its entirety. Such methods may be used to deliver chimeric senescent cell-associated antigens to exosomes if they are not naturally expressed in senescent cell exosomes. Exosome producing cells may also be modified such that exosomes include a targeting moiety on the surface. The exosomes may be targeted to a selected tissue or cell type (see, e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 2010/119256, incorporated herein in its entirety).

In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, senescent cell exosomes comprising one or more senescent-cell associated antigens may be modified to lack one or more immunosuppressive polypeptides normally found in the exosome. Such modifications may be useful for senescent cell exosomes. While cancer cells have been shown to release exosomes, cancer cell exosomes may circumvent immunosurveillance and recognition of the tumor by the immune system via inclusion of immunosuppressive polypeptides (e.g., Fas, programmed death ligand-1, programmed death ligand-2) in the cancer cell exosome (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0092524; Iero et al., supra). Likewise, senescent cell exosomes may circumvent immunosurveillance and recognition of senescent cells by the immune system via inclusion of immunosuppressive polypeptides. Expression of immunosuppressive polypeptides may be inhibited using methods known in the art, such as siRNA, antisense, and modifications thereto (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0092524, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

In certain embodiments, the immunogenicity of senescent cell exosomes may be enhanced by expressing exogenous antigens (e.g., superantigens) on the cell surface as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0092524, incorporated herein in its entirety. Superantigens can bind directly to MHC complex without being processed. Examples of superantigens that may be incorporated into senescent cell exosomes as exogenous polypeptides include Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs, e.g., Staphylococcal enterotoxin A or Staphylococcal enterotoxin E); a Streptococcus pyogenes exotoxin (SPE), a Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1); a Streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin (SME); and a Streptococcal superantigen (SSA).

In other embodiments, an immunogen used in the immunogenic compositions and methods described herein comprises a senescent cell membrane preparation. In a particular embodiment, the senescent cell preparation comprises the cell membrane (also called the plasma cell membrane or cytoplasmic cell membrane), thereby providing senescent cell associated antigens present on the cell surface of the senescent cell. Senescent cell associated antigens present on the cell membrane may include proteins and glycoproteins that are channel forming proteins, proteins that facilitate diffusion or active transport of molecules and ion across the membrane, cell recognition proteins, receptor proteins, and enzymes. In another embodiment, an organelle of a senescent cell may be an immunogen. For example, an organelle that is involved in processing, production, or transport of a cell surface molecule, for example, in certain instances, a lysozome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, or an endosome, may be prepared from senescent cells. Senescent cell membranes and cell organelles may be prepared using methods known and practiced by the skilled person (see, e.g., Current Protocols in Cell Biology, John Wiley & Sons, 2009).

Dendritic Cell Immunogens (Vaccines)

In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of evoking an immune response specific for a senescent cell in a subject using an immunogen comprising antigen-presenting cells (APCs), e.g., dendritic cells (DCs), that include senescent cell-associated antigens, for example, by being presented on the surface of the antigen-presenting cells.

Dendritic cells play a critical role in coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs are bone-marrow derived cells characterized by dendritic morphology and high mobility that are seeded in all tissues. DCs are specialized antigen presenting cells that are capable of capturing and processing antigens, migrating from the periphery to a lymphoid organ, and presenting the antigens in a MHC-restricted manner to naive T-cells (see, e.g., Banchereau & Steinman, 1998, Nature 392:245-252; Steinman et al., 2003, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 21:685-711). Immature DCs are capable of processing and presenting antigens, which leads to immune regulation and/or suppression. Maturation (activation) of DCs is required to induce differentiation of antigen-specific T cells into effector T cells (see, e.g., Palucka et al., 2012, Nat. Rev. Cancer 12:265-277). Mature DCs express high levels of MHC-antigen complex and other co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD40, B7-1, B7-2, and CD1a (see, e.g., Steinman, 1991, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 9:271-296; Banchereau & Steinman, 1998, Nature 392:245-252). These molecules play key roles in stimulating T cells. Due to their properties, DC-based vaccination strategies have been developed in cancer (see, e.g., Heiser et al., 2001, Cancer Res. 61:338; Heiser et al., 2001, J. Immunol. 166:2953; Milazzo et al., 2002, Blood 101:977; Zu et al., 2003, Cancer Res. 63:2127;). Likewise, DC based immunogens (vaccines) may be able to elicit CD8⁺ T cells capable of recognizing peptide-MHC Class complexes on senescent cells and target them for destruction.

Dendritic cells may be obtained from various sources using methods known in the art. DC precursors may be purified from peripheral blood (see, e.g., Fong et al., 2003, Annu Rev. Immunol. 15:138). DCs may be also be differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes or CD34⁺ hematopoietic progenitor cells ex vivo (see, e.g., Sallusto et al., 1994, J. Exp. Med. 179:1109; Banchereau et al., 2001, Cancer Res. 61:6451; Makensen et al., 2000, Int. J. Cancer 86:385). Methods for in vitro proliferation of dendritic cells from DC precursors and their use as immunogens are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,851,756; 5,994,126; 6,475,483; and 8,283,163 each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. A method for isolating DCs from human peripheral blood is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,786, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. U.S. Patent Publication 2006/0063255, U.S. Patent Publication 2006/0057129, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,247,480, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describe methods for making dendritic cell vaccines from human embryonic stem cells.

Methods of isolating APCs, such as dendritic cells, are known in the art. Procedures such as repetitive density gradient separation, fluorescence activated cell sorting techniques, positive selection, negative selection, or a combination thereof are routinely used to obtain enriched populations of DCs. Methods for isolating DCs may be found in O'Doherty et al., 1993, J. Exp. Med. 178:1067-78; Young and Steinman, 1990, J. Exp. Med. 171:1315-32; Freudenthal et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 57:7698-7702; Markowicz and Engleman, 1990, J. Clin. Invest. 85:955-961; Mehta-Damani et al, 1994, J. Immunol. 153:996-1003; Thomas et al., 1993, J. Immunol. 151:6840-6852.

Dendritic cells may be loaded with specific antigens ex vivo and then administered to a subject (see, e.g., Banchereau et al., 2005, Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5:296-306; Figdor et al., 2004, Nat. Med. 10:475-480, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Various methods for loading antigens to DCs have been described and are known in the art. RNA encoding a specific antigen may be pulsed into dendritic cells before administration to a subject by electroporation, cationic lipids, cationic peptides or using dendrimers (see, e.g., Boczkwoski et al. 1996, J. Exp. Med. 184:465; Heiser et al., 2001, Cancer Res. 61:338; Heiser et al., J. Immunol. 2001, 166:2953; U.S. Patent Publication 2006/0063255; Choi et al., 2005, Cell Cycle 4:669). DCs may also be loaded with protein or peptide that is purified or isolated from a target cell, chemically synthesized, or recombinantly expressed. Nucleic acid vectors encoding a specific antigen may also be used for DC loading (see, e.g., Frolkis et al., 2003, Cancer Gene Ther. 10:239). Exemplary vectors include plasmids, cationic lipid complexes, viral vectors, cDNA encoding antigen loaded onto dendrimers, or other small particulates that enhance uptake by phagocytic cells. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,300,090 and 6,455,299 describe using non-replicating viral vectors comprising sequence encoding an antigen for infecting dendritic cells, resulting in antigen presentation on the DC surface.

Alternatively, DCs may be loaded with specific antigens in vivo. Antigens may be delivered directly to DCs using chimeric proteins that are comprised of a DC receptor-specific antibody fused to a selected antigen (see, e.g., Bonifaz et al., 2004, J. Exp. Med. 199:815-824; Bonifaz et al., 2004, J. Exp. Med. 196:1627-1638; Hawiger et al., 2001, J. Exp. Med. 194:769-780; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). U.S. Patent Publication 2012/0070462, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes targeted antigen delivery to dendritic cells using recombinant viral vectors comprising a polynucleotide encoding the antigen and a targeting molecule, which binds to a DC-specific surface marker (e.g., DC-SIGN).

In another variation on antigen loading, DCs may be fused with whole senescent cells to express a broad array of senescent cell-associated antigens. Dendritic cell fusion vaccines are known in the art and have been described in Rosenblatt et al., 2005, Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 5:703-15; Rosenblatt et al., 2011, Blood 117:393-402; Gong et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:2715-2718; Gong et al., 1997, Nat. Med. 3:558-561; U.S. Patent Publication 2004/0115224; U.S. Patent Publication 2005/0238627; and U.S. Patent Publication 2010/0278873, each of which is incorporated herein by reference its entirety.

Antigenic peptides useful for presentation by DCs for vaccination are peptides that stimulate a T cell mediated immune response (e.g., cytotoxic T cell response) by presentation to T cells on MHC molecules. Useful antigenic peptides and proteins for use in the present disclosure include those derived from senescent cells (e.g., senescent cell-associated antigens). Depending on the method of DC loading utilized, a senescent cell-associated antigen may be presented in a variety of forms. In some embodiments, a senescent cell-associated antigen is presented as a senescent cell lysate to DCs. In other embodiments, senescent cell-associated antigens are obtained by acid elution of peptides presented on MHC molecules of the senescent cell surface. For example, senescent cells are washed with an isotonic solution to remove media components. The cells are then treated with acid to dissociate peptides from surface MHCs, and the cells are removed from the solution containing the soluble peptides. Antigenic peptides may be obtained by chemical synthesis or produced using recombinant methods with host cells and vector expression systems. A senescent cell associated antigen may also be delivered as a polynucleotides (RNA or DNA) to a DC directly or indirectly (e.g., via a plasmid or viral vector). The antigenic peptides presented on MHC molecules are typically short peptides and may be 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acids, for example.

A senescent cell associated antigen introduced into DCs may also be designed as a fusion peptide, wherein the antigen is joined to a protein or peptide sequence that enhances transport into endosomal and other intracellular compartments involved in Class II histocompatibility loading. For example, the N-terminus of such a fusion protein may comprise a suitable heterologous leader or signal sequence for the endosomal compartment and the C-terminus may comprise a transmembrane and luminal component of a member of the LAMP family for lysosomal targeting (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,234; WO 02/080851; Sawada et al., 1993, J. Biol. Chem. 268:9014; each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Endosomal and lysosomal sorting signals include tyrosine based signals, dileucine-based signals, acidic clusters, and transmembrane proteins labeled with ubiquitin (see, e.g., Bonifacino et al., 2003, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72:395; U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,565).

Characterization of Immunogens

The immunogenicity of isolated senescent cell associated antigens, antigenic fragments, and fusion polypeptides, exosomes, cell membrane and organelle preparations, dendritic cell immunogens, and the products encoded by the polynucleotides described herein may be determined by using any one or more immunogenicity, immunochemistry, and/or cellular immune response assays, and non-human animal models routinely practiced in the art and described herein. For characterizing the immunogens described herein, use of polyclonal and/or monoclonal antibodies may be desired. The antibody may be obtained from or derived from an animal, for example, fowl (e.g., chicken) and mammals, which include but are not limited to a mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, or other rodent, a cow, horse, sheep, goat, camel, human, or other primate. Polyclonal antisera are obtained from an animal by immunizing the animal with an immunogenic composition described herein.

Immunogenic compositions and SCAAgs may also be characterized in pre-clinical studies that evaluate the safety of the immunogenic composition to be administered to a subject. Ultimately, the safety and efficacy of immunogenic compositions will be determined by clinical studies, which are monitored by regulatory agencies.

Characterizing the immunogenic activity of an immunogen described herein may also be determined in art-accepted animal models. The capability of the immunogen to effectively induce an immune response in a subject can also be assessed in an animal model for the particular disease, disorder, or condition that is being treated or prevented by immunization. The immunogenicity of any one of the immunogens described herein may be determined by administering the immunogenic composition comprising the immunogen to a host (or subject, patient) according to immunization protocols described herein and in the art. Typically, after administering an initial dose of the immunogenic composition (also called the primary immunization) to a host, one, two or more doses of the immunogenic composition (also called boosting or booster doses) are administered.

To evaluate the immunogenicity of any one of the immunogenic compositions described herein, the immunogen may be administered to an animal by a parenteral (e.g., intravenous), intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intradermal, intraocular, or subcutaneous route. The immunogenic composition may further comprise a suitable adjuvant to enhance the immune response to the immunogen. See, e.g., Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988). Adjuvants typically used for immunization of non-human animals include but are not limited to Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, montanide ISA, Ribi Adjuvant System (RAS) (GlaxoSmithKline, Hamilton, Mont.), and nitrocellulose-adsorbed antigen. In general, after the first injection, animals receive one or more booster immunizations according to a preferred schedule that may vary according to, inter alia, the immunogen, the adjuvant (if any) and/or the particular animal species. The B cell immune response may be monitored by periodically bleeding the animal, separating the sera from the collected blood, and analyzing the sera in an immunoassay, such as an ELISA or Ouchterlony diffusion assay, or the like, to determine the specific antibody titer. When an adequate antibody titer is established, the animals may be bled periodically to accumulate the polyclonal antisera.

In general, to monitor the immune response of an immunized host during pre-clinical studies in animals, sera is obtained from the animals prior to the first dose (i.e., pre-immune sera) and obtained after the final boosting dose. Sera may also be obtained after any one or more of the boosting doses between the primary dose and final boosting dose. To monitor the immune response of an immunized host during clinical studies or during post-marketing studies, sera may also be obtained from humans before the first immunization and after one or more administrations of the immunogenic compositions.

Production of senescent cell associated antigen-specific antibodies in an immunized host (including a human host) may include production of any class of immunoglobulin, including IgG, IgA, IgM, and/or IgE, and isotypes within the classes. The presence of specific IgG, IgM, IgE, and IgA may be detected in a biological sample (e.g., serum, nasal wash, lung lavage, or other tissues) obtained from an immunized host. For detection of antibodies in an immunoassay, the biological sample may be permitted to interact with or contact an antigen that is purified, isolated, partially isolated, or a fragment thereof, or to interact with or contact a senescent cell, which may be fixed (such as with ethanol or formaldehyde) or unfixed or non-denatured.

The immunogenicity of immunogens described herein may also be characterized by any number of assays and techniques practiced in the art, including immunoassays to evaluate binding and the capability of the immunogen to induce an immune response. By way of non-limiting example, immunoassays include ELISA, immunoblot, radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), Ouchterlony, and the like. Conditions for in vitro assays include temperature, buffers (including salts, cations, media), and other components that maintain the integrity of any cell used in the assay and the compound, which a person skilled in the art will be familiar and/or which can be readily determined. A person skilled in the art also readily appreciates that appropriate controls can be designed and included when performing the in vitro methods and in vivo methods described herein.

In vitro assay methods typically comprise contacting the biological sample with at least one source of the antigens described above and herein (particularly, e.g., an isolated senescence cell associated antigen or fragment thereof, a senescent cell or a lysate, membrane preparation or exosome comprising the antigen of interest) under conditions and for a time sufficient for an antibody in the sample to interact with the antigen source (i.e., mixing, combining, or in some manner permitting the biological sample and the antigen to interact). An antibody present in the biological sample that specifically binds to the antigen can be detected using any one of the exemplary detection methods described herein and in the art for detecting antibody-antigen binding. By way of non-limiting example, antibody bound to the antigen may be detected using a reagent specific for a conserved region of the antibody, such as the Fc portion of the antibody, which reagent is typically selected depending on the source of the antibody (i.e., whether the antibody is from an animal, such as a mouse, rat, goat, or sheep, etc. or whether the antibody is from a human). Such reagents typically comprise a detectable label, for example an enzyme, fluorescent label, luminescent label, or radioactive label. Additional exemplary reagents include those that detect a specific isotype or class of antibody. Many such reagents may be obtained from commercial sources.

Whether an immune response includes the capability to kill or clear senescent cells may be determined according to techniques and methods described herein and practiced in the art. An immune response that comprises selectively clearing a senescent cell or facilitating selective clearance of a senescent cell kills, removes, destroys, reduces viability, or decreases survival of a senescent cell (i.e., in some manner reduces the quantity of viable senescent cells in the animal or in the cell-based assay) in a statistically significant or biologically significant manner when compared with the immune response to kill, remove, clear, reduce viability, or decrease survival of a non-senescent cell. Such an immune response may therefore be useful for treating or preventing an age-related disease or disorder or another disease associated with or exacerbated by the presence of senescent cells. Transgenic animal models as described herein and in the art may be used to determine clearance of senescent cells (see, e.g., Baker et al., supra; Nature, 479:232-36 (2011); Int'l Patent Application Publication No. WO/2012/177927; Int'l Patent Application Publication No. WO 2013/090645). The transgenic animals by determining the level of a detectable label or labels that is expressed in senescent cells of the animal. Exemplary transgenic animal models contain a transgene that includes a nucleic acid that allows for controlled clearance of senescence cells (e.g., p16^(Ink4a) positive senescent cells). The transgene also nucleotide sequences includes a detectable label, for example, one or more of a red fluorescent protein; a green fluorescent protein; and one or more luciferases to detect clearance of senescent cells.

Senescent cells and senescent cell associated molecules can be detected by techniques and procedures described in the art. For example, the presence of senescent cells in tissues can be analyzed by histochemistry or immunohistochemistry techniques that detect the senescence marker, SA-beta gal (SA-Bgal) (see, e.g., Dimri et al., Proc. P Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 9363-9367 (1995). The presence of the senescent cell-associated polypeptide p16 can be determined by any one of numerous immunochemistry methods practiced in the art, such as immunoblotting analysis. Expression of p16 mRNA in a cell can be measured by a variety of techniques practiced in the art including quantitative PCR. The presence and level of senescence cell associated polypeptides (e.g., polypeptides of the SASP) can be determined by using automated and high throughput assays, such as an automated Luminex array assay described in the art (see, e.g., Coppe et al., PLoS Biol 6: 2853-68 (2008)).

The presence of senescent cells can also be determined by detection of senescent cell-associated molecules include growth factors, proteases, cytokines (e.g., inflammatory cytokines), chemokines, cell-related metabolites, reactive oxygen species (e.g., H₂O₂), and other molecules that stimulate inflammation and/or other biological effects or reactions that may promote or exacerbate the underlying disease of the subject. Senescent cell-associated molecules include those that are described in the art as comprising the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP, i.e., which includes secreted factors which may make up the pro-inflammatory phenotype of a senescent cell), senescent-messaging secretome, and DNA damage secretory program (DDSP). These groupings of senescent cell associated molecules, as described in the art, contain molecules in common and are not intended to describe three separate distinct groupings of molecules. Senescent cell-associated molecules include certain expressed and secreted growth factors, proteases, cytokines, and other factors that may have potent autocrine and paracrine activities. (see, e.g., Coppe et al., supra; Coppe et al. J. Biol. Chem. 281:29568-74 (2006); Coppe et al. PLoS One 5:39188 (2010); Krtolica et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:12072-77 (2001); Parrinello et al., J. Cell Sci. 118:485-96 (2005). ECM associated factors include inflammatory proteins and mediators of ECM remodeling and which are strongly induced in senescent cells (see, e.g., Kuilman et al., Nature Reviews 9:81-94 (2009)). Other senescent cell-associated molecules include extracellular polypeptides (proteins) described collectively as the DNA damage secretory program (DDSP) (see, e.g., Sun et al., Nature Medicine published online 5 Aug. 2012; doi:10.1038/nm.2890).

Determining the effectiveness of an immune response to clear senescent cells as described herein in an animal model is typically performed using one or more statistical analyses with which a skilled person will be familiar. By way of example, statistical analyses such as two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) may be used for determining the statistical significance of differences between animal groups treated with an agent and those that are not treated with the agent (i.e., negative control group). Statistical packages such as SPSS, MINITAB, SAS, Statistika, Graphpad, GLIM, Genstat, and BMDP are readily available and routinely used by a person skilled in the animal art.

Conditions for a particular assay including temperature, buffers (including salts, cations, media), and other components, which maintain the integrity of the antibodies within the pre-immune and immune sera and the integrity of the antigen (which may be an immunogenic peptide, dimeric peptide, or fusion polypeptide, M protein, Spa protein, or bacteria) used in the assay, are familiar to a person skilled in the art and/or which can be readily determined. A biological sample, such as serum, is contacted (mixed, combined with, or in some manner permitted to interaction) with the antigen, under conditions and for a time sufficient to permit interaction between the antigen and antibodies present in the sample. The interaction, or level of binding, of the antigen to an antibody present in an immune serum sample (or other biological sample) may be determined and compared to a level of binding of the respective antigen to antibodies present in a pre-immune sample (or an otherwise suitable negative control). An increase in the level of binding of the antigen to the immune serum sample compared with the pre-immune serum sample indicates that the immunogenic composition evoked production of specific antibodies. As noted herein, the level of binding of an immunogen to antibodies present in a sample from an immunized host is typically referred to in the art as the titer.

Adjuvants and Helper Antigens

The immunogenic compositions described herein may also comprise a suitable adjuvant. An adjuvant is intended to enhance (or improve, augment) the immune response to the immunogens described herein, including antigenic fragments and fusion polypeptides comprising the fragments (i.e., increase the level of the specific immune response in a statistically, biologically, or clinically significant manner compared with the level of the specific immune response in the absence of administering the adjuvant).

For administration in humans, a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant is one that has been approved or is approvable for human administration by pertinent regulatory bodies. For example, as discussed herein and known in the art, Complete Freund's adjuvant is not suitable for human administration. Desired adjuvants augment the response to the immunogen without causing conformational changes in the immunogen that might adversely affect the qualitative immune response. Suitable adjuvants include aluminum salts, such as alum (potassium aluminum sulfate), or other aluminum containing adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, or aluminum sulfate. Other pharmaceutically suitable adjuvants include nontoxic lipid A-related adjuvants such as, by way of non-limiting example, nontoxic monophosphoryl lipid A (see, e.g., Persing et al., Trends Microbiol. 10:s32-s37 (2002)), for example, 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) (see, e.g., United Kingdom Patent Application No. GB 2220211). Other useful adjuvants include QS21 and QuilA that comprise a triterpene glycoside or saponin isolated from the bark of the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree found in South America (see, e.g., Kensil et al., in Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach (eds. Powell and Newman, Plenum Press, N Y, 1995); U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,540). Other suitable adjuvants include oil in water emulsions, optionally in combination with immune stimulants, such as monophosphoryl lipid A (see, e.g., Stoute et al., N Engl. J. Med. 336, 86-91 (1997)). Other suitable adjuvants include polymeric or monomeric amino acids such as polyglutamic acid or polylysine, liposomes, and CpG (see, e.g., Klinman, Int. Rev. Immunol. 25(3-4):135-54 (2006); U.S. Pat. No. 7,402,572; European Patent No. 772 619). CpG is often an adjuvant of choice when administering a polynucleotide that encodes a senescent cell associate antigen or antigenic fragment thereof (or a vector comprising the polynucleotide).

In another embodiment, the immunogenicity of an immunogen described herein may be enhanced by combining the immunogen with a helper antigen or carrier moiety. A helper antigen includes a T cell helper antigen, which is an antigen that is recognized by a T helper cell and evokes an immune response in a T helper cell. T helper cells are lymphocytes that are involved in activating and directing other immune cells such as cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and/or macrophages. Carrier moieties have been long known in the immunology art and include without limitation, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, bovine serum albumin, cationized BSA, or ovalbumin. For human use, toxoids of bacterial proteins (e.g., tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, cholera toxoid, and the like) are typically employed as carrier proteins.

In certain embodiments, the immunogen comprises at least one senescent cell associated antigen or at least one antigenic fragment thereof and a helper antigen or carrier moiety that is linked, conjugated, or attached to the antigen or antigenic fragment thereof. The helper antigen or carrier moiety may be recombinantly expressed in frame and directly linked to a senescent cell associated antigen or fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, a fusion protein comprising at least two senescent cell associated antigens or at least two antigenic fragments thereof or a combination of same may also comprise a helper antigen or carrier moiety. Alternatively, the helper antigen or carrier moiety may be chemically conjugated, linked, or attached to the senescent cell associated antigen or fragment thereof. In still another embodiment, the helper antigen or carrier moiety may be formulated together with any immunogen described herein but not covalently or non-covalently bound to the immunogen to form an immunogenic composition.

Co-Stimulatory Molecules

In another embodiment, the immunogenic compositions described herein (including those described above and immunogenic compositions comprising a recombinant antibody described below), include a co-stimulatory polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the immunogen comprises at least one senescent cell associated antigen or at least one antigenic fragment thereof and a co-stimulatory molecule that is linked, conjugated, or attached to the antigen or antigenic fragment thereof. The co-stimulatory molecule may be recombinantly expressed in frame and directly linked to a senescent cell associated antigen or fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, a fusion protein comprising at least two senescent cell associated antigen or at least two antigenic fragments thereof or a combination of same may also comprise a co-stimulatory molecule. Alternatively, the co-stimulatory molecule may be chemically conjugated, linked, or attached to the senescent cell associated antigen or fragment thereof. In still another embodiment, the co-stimulatory molecule may be formulated together with any immunogen described herein but not covalently or non-covalently bound to the immunogen to form the immunogenic composition.

Exemplary co-stimulatory molecules include, by way of example, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-21, IL-23, TNFα, B7.1 (CD80), B7.2 (CD86), 41BB, CD40 ligand (CD40L), drug-inducible CD40 (iCD40), and the like. When an immunogenic composition comprises a polynucleotide encoding the co-stimulatory molecule, or a recombinant expression virus comprising the polynucleotide, expression of the co-stimulatory molecule is typically under the control of one or more regulatory elements selected to direct the expression of the coding sequences in a cell of choice, such as a dendritic cell.

Recombinantly engineered antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, for example, may be modified by recombinant technology to express increased levels of antigen presenting machinery, adhesion and/or co-stimulatory molecules, including MHC class I/antigen complexes, MHC class II/antigen complexes, CD1, hsp70-90, CD9, CD63, CD81, CD11b, CD11c, CD40, CD54 (ICAM-1), CD63, CD80, CD86, 41BBL, OX40L, chemokine receptor CCR1-10 and CXCR1-6, mannose-rich C-type lectin receptor DEC205 and Toll-like receptors TLR4 and TLR9 or membrane-bound TGF-β. The exosomes derived from these recombinantly engineered antigen presenting cells will express these additional molecules and can transfer them to the T helper cells, T regulatory cells, or dendritic cells upon absorption.

Processes for Preparing Senescent Cell Associated Antigens, Fragments, and Polynucleotides

Peptides and polypeptides may be chemically synthesized by manual techniques or by automated procedures. By way of example, solid phase polypeptide synthesis has been performed since the early 1960's. Numerous improvements to synthesis methods have been developed, and many methods have been automated and chemistries have been developed to protect the terminal ends and other reactive groups (see, e.g., Geysen et al., J. Immun. Meth. 102:259-274 (1987); Miranda et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:1181-86 (1999); Frank et al., Tetrahedron 44:6031-6040 (1988); Hyrup et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4:5-23 (1996); Perry-O'Keefe et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:14670-675 (1996); Schnölzer, et al. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 40, 180-193 (1992); Hackeng et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:7845-50 (1997); Creighton, T. E. Protein: Structures and Molecular Properties, pp. 55-60, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, N.Y. (1984)). Equipment for automated synthesis of polypeptides is commercially available and may be operated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Synthesized peptides, polypeptides, and fusion polypeptides may also be obtained from any number of different custom peptide synthesizing manufacturers. If required, synthesized peptides or polypeptides may be purified using preparative reverse phase chromatography, affinity chromatography partition chromatography, gel filtration, gel electrophoresis, or ion-exchange chromatography or other methods used in the art.

Polynucleotides may also be chemically synthesized or may be constructed by recombinant methods familiar to a person skilled in the art. Polynucleotides can also be synthesized using an automatic synthesizer. The nucleotide sequence can be designed with the appropriate codons for the particular amino acid sequence desired. In general, preferred codons may be selected for the intended host in which the nucleotide sequence will be expressed. One recombinant method of preparing a polynucleotide includes assembly from overlapping oligonucleotides prepared by standard methods to provide a complete coding sequence (see, e.g., Au et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 248:200-203 (1998); Stemmer et al., Gene 164:49-53 (1995); Ausubel et al. (eds.), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, (Greene Publ. Assoc. Inc. & John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993)); Sambrook et al., et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Ed., (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 2001; and elsewhere). Methods for purifying polynucleotides after either chemical synthesis or recombinant synthesis are known to persons skilled in the art (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., supra; Sambrook et al., supra).

Chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides for primers and probes has long been practiced in the art. Improved methods for synthesizing oligonucleotides and polynucleotides, which provide more rapid results, greater yields, and longer polynucleotides, have since been developed and automated (see, e.g., Gao et al., Biopolymers 73:579-96 (2004); Mueller et al., Chem. Biol. 16:337-47 (2009); Lee et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 38:2514-21 (2010)). Polynucleotides that encode the senescent cell-associated antigen, antigenic fragments thereof, and fusion polypeptides described herein may be synthesized commercially (see, e.g., GENSCRIPT, Piscataway, N.J.).

Polynucleotides that encode a senescent cell-associated antigen, antigenic fragment thereof, or fusion polypeptide described herein may be recombinantly expressed in a variety of different host cells. Host cells containing recombinant expression constructs may be genetically engineered (transduced, transformed, or transfected) with the vectors and/or expression constructs (for example, a cloning vector, a shuttle vector, or an expression construct). The vector or construct may be in the form of a plasmid, a viral particle, a phage, etc. The engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying particular genes or encoding-nucleotide sequences. Selection and maintenance of culture conditions for particular host cells, such as temperature, pH and the like, will be readily apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan. In general, the desired host cell is one that can be adapted to sustained propagation in culture to yield a stable cell line that can express sufficient amount of the desired peptide, polypeptide, or fusion protein. In certain embodiments, the cell line is an immortal cell line, which refers to a cell line that can be repeatedly passaged (at least ten times while remaining viable) in culture following log-phase growth. In other embodiments the host cell used to generate a cell line is a cell that is capable of unregulated growth, such as a cancer cell, or a transformed cell, or a malignant cell.

Useful bacterial expression constructs are prepared by inserting into an expression vector a structural DNA sequence encoding the desired peptide, polypeptide, or fusion protein together with suitable translation initiation and termination signals in an operative reading phase with a functional promoter. The construct may comprise one or more phenotypic selectable markers and an origin of replication to ensure maintenance of the vector construct and, if desirable, to provide amplification within the host. Suitable prokaryotic hosts for transformation include E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and various species within the genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Staphylococcus, although others may also be employed as a matter of choice. Any other plasmid or vector may be used as long as the plasmid or vector is replicable and viable in the host. Thus, for example, the polynucleotides as provided herein may be included in any one of a variety of expression vector constructs as a recombinant expression construct for expressing the senescent cell-associated antigen, antigenic fragment thereof, or fusion polypeptide. Such vectors and constructs include chromosomal, nonchromosomal, and synthetic DNA sequences, e.g., bacterial plasmids; phage DNA; baculovirus; yeast plasmids; vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA; viral DNA, such as vaccinia, adenovirus, fowl pox virus, and pseudorabies.

The appropriate DNA sequence(s) may be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures with which the skilled person is familiar. In certain instances, the DNA sequence is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) by procedures known in the art. Omission of restriction sites and the amino acid sequence encoded by the restriction site is contemplated herein and is intended to remove the possibility that a desired immunogenic epitope will be adversely altered or that an epitope will be inadvertently added that may have an undesirable immunogenicity. Standard techniques for cloning, DNA isolation, amplification and purification, for enzymatic reactions involving DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, restriction endonucleases and the like, and various separation techniques are those known and commonly employed by those skilled in the art. Numerous standard techniques are described, for example, in Ausubel et al. (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Greene Publ. Assoc. Inc. & John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993)) and in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Ed., (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 2001)).

The DNA sequence encoding a peptide, polypeptide, or fusion polypeptide in the expression vector is operatively linked to at least one appropriate expression control sequences (e.g., a promoter or a regulated promoter) to direct mRNA synthesis. Representative examples of such expression control sequences include LTR or SV40 promoter, E. coli lac or trp, the phage lambda P_(L) promoter, and other promoters known to control expression of genes in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses. Promoter regions can be selected from any desired gene using CAT (chloramphenicol transferase) vectors or other vectors with selectable markers. Particular bacterial promoters include lad, lacZ, T3, T5, T7, gpt, lambda P_(R), P_(L), and trp. Eukaryotic promoters include CMV immediate early, HSV thymidine kinase, early and late SV40, LTRs from retroviruses, and mouse metallothionein-I. Selection of the appropriate vector and promoter and preparation of certain recombinant expression constructs comprising at least one promoter or regulated promoter operatively linked to a polynucleotide described herein is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art.

Design and selection of inducible, regulated promoters and/or tightly regulated promoters are known in the art and will depend on the particular host cell and expression system. The pBAD Expression System (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) is an example of a tightly regulated expression system that uses the E. coli arabinose operon (P_(BAD) or P_(ARA)) (see Guzman et al., J. Bacteriology 177:4121-30 (1995); Smith et al., J. Biol. Chem. 253:6931-33 (1978); Hirsh et al., Cell 11:545-50 (1977)), which controls the arabinose metabolic pathway. A variety of vectors employing this system are commercially available. Other examples of tightly regulated promoter-driven expression systems include PET Expression Systems (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,496) available from Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.) or tet-regulated expression systems (Gossen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-51 (1992); Gossen et al., Science 268:1766-69 (1995)). The pLP-TRE2 Acceptor Vector (BD Biosciences Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) is designed for use with CLONTECH's Creator™ Cloning Kits to rapidly generate a tetracycline-regulated expression construct for tightly controlled, inducible expression of a gene of interest using the site-specific Cre-lox recombination system (see, e.g., Sauer, Methods 14:381-92 (1998); Furth, J. Mamm. Gland Biol. Neoplas. 2:373 (1997)), which may also be employed for host cell immortalization (see, e.g., Cascio, Artif. Organs 25:529 (2001)).

Processes for producing a senescent cell-associated antigen in a host cell comprising a recombinant expression encoding the antigen may be scaled to manufacture large amounts. In another embodiment, a method of manufacture of the immunogenic compositions described herein is provided. Methods of manufacture comprise combining or mixing together the desired senescent cell-associated antigen, antigenic fragment thereof, or fusion polypeptides, polynucleotides, recombinant expression vectors, senescent cell membrane preparation, a senescent cell organelle preparation, exosome of the senescent cell, modified dendritic cell, or recombinant antibody to provide the immunogenic compositions described herein. The methods of manufacture may further comprise combining or mixing one or more physiologically suitable (or pharmaceutically suitable) excipients as described herein. The methods may further comprise combining or mixing the immunogenic composition comprising the desired immunogen with a pharmaceutically suitable adjuvant. At least one pharmaceutically suitable excipient may also be combined or mixed with the immunogenic composition comprising an adjuvant. In still further embodiments, a method of manufacture comprises chemical synthesis or recombinant production of the desired peptides, polypeptides, or fusion polypeptides. Chemical synthesis and recombinant production of the senescent cell-associated antigen, antigenic fragment thereof, and fusion polypeptides are described in detail herein. During manufacture of each immunogen, appropriate manufactures processes (such as Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)) as required by a regulatory agency are employed. In addition, persons skilled in the art are familiar with techniques and steps to be taken for maintaining stability and integrity of the peptides or fusion polypeptides during manufacture of an immunogenic composition.

A process is provided herein for producing an immunogenic composition (or vaccine) that comprises at least one senescent cell-associated antigen. Into a first host cell a recombinant expression vector is introduced (transfected, transduced, transformed) wherein the vector comprising at least one regulatory expression sequence operatively linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes a first senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof. If the immunogenic composition will comprise a second senescent cell-associated antigen, a second host cell is transfected, transduced, transformed with a second recombinant expression vector comprising at least one regulatory expression sequence operatively linked to a nucleotide sequence that encodes a second senescent cell-associated antigen, or an antigenic fragment thereof. Each host cell is separately cultured in a medium for a time sufficient and under conditions appropriate for maximizing production of the antigen. Such conditions, which can readily be determined by a person skilled in the art, include maintaining the proper temperature, nutrient level, carbon dioxide level, cell density, atmospheric pressure, and removing waste in a timely manner. The respective antigens are then isolated from the host cell culture. Typically, the cells are harvested (i.e., separated) from the culture by methods practiced in the art such as centrifugation or filtration or a combination thereof. If the antigen is secreted by the host cell, the cell culture medium (also called spent medium) may be concentrated, followed by isolation of the antigen by any one of a number of isolation methods, including any number of chromatography methods and gel electrophoresis. Alternatively, if the antigen is not secreted by the host cell, the cells may be fractionated or lysed or the antigen may form inclusion bodies in the cell, which inclusion bodies are then isolated according to techniques known in the art. Once the senescent cell associated antigen is isolated, it may be formulated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. If the immunogenic composition comprises more than one senescent cell associated antigen or fragment thereof, each antigen may be formulated separately with an excipient or the two antigens may be formulated together in the same vessel with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Passive Immunization—Recombinant Antibodies

Also provided herein are polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to a senescent cell associated antigen for use in passive immunotherapeutic methods. An antibody that specifically binds to a senescent cell associated antigen (or antigenic fragment thereof, or fusion protein comprising same, or a senescent cell expressing the antigen) may belong to any immunoglobulin class, for example IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, or IgA. The antibody may be obtained from or derived from an animal, for example, fowl (e.g., chicken) and mammals, which include but are not limited to a mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, or other rodent, a cow, horse, sheep, goat, camel, human or other primate. The antibody may be an internalising antibody. The antibody may be a monoclonal antibody, which includes a monoclonal antibody derived from any human or non-human animal, a chimeric antibody, humanized antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

In a particular embodiment, a recombinant antibody that specifically binds to a senescent cell-associated antigen of interest is provided. The recombinant antibody comprises at least one immunoglobulin variable region domain that specifically binds to a senescent cell-associated antigen. In certain embodiments, the recombinant antibody further comprises a modified human Fc region that exhibits enhanced affinity for an Fcγ receptor. In one embodiment the senescent cell-associated antigen is selected from Table 1 provided below. In certain other embodiments, the senescent cell-associated antigen is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3. In another specific embodiment, the senescent cell-associated antigen is p16INK4a, for example, murine, human, or rat p16INK4a.

A recombinant antibody as described herein comprises at least one variable region domain. The at least one immunoglobulin variable region domain may comprise either the heavy chain variable region. The variable region domain may be of any size or amino acid composition and will generally comprise at least one hypervariable amino acid sequence responsible for antigen binding and which is adjacent to or in frame with one or more framework sequences. In general terms, the variable (V) region domain may be any suitable arrangement of immunoglobulin heavy (V_(H)) and/or light (V_(L)) chain variable domains. In other embodiments, the recombinant antibodies described herein comprise (1) an Fv fragment consisting of the variable regions of both the heavy and light chains, (2) recombinant single chain polypeptide molecules in which light and heavy variable regions are connected by a peptide linker (scFv proteins); or (3) minimal recognition units consisting of the amino acid residues that mimic the hypervariable region. An Fv region is defined in the immunoglobulin art as the N-terminal portion of an Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin and includes the V_(H) (variable heavy chain) and V_(L) (variable light chain) regions that are bound together by non-covalent interactions. Each V_(H) comprises three complementarity determining regions (CDRs; heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) and each V_(L) comprises three CDRs (light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3). Thus, for example, the V region domain may be monomeric and be a V_(H) or V_(L) domain, which is capable of independently binding antigen with acceptable affinity. Alternatively, the V region domain may be dimeric and contain V_(H)—V_(H), V_(H)—V_(L), or V_(L)—V_(L), dimers. Preferably, the V region dimer comprises at least one V_(H) and at least one V_(L) chain that are non-covalently associated (hereinafter referred to as F_(v)). If desired, the chains may be covalently coupled either directly, for example via a disulfide bond between the two variable domains, or through a linker, for example a peptide linker, to form a single chain Fv (scF_(v)).

An immunoglobulin variable region may be derived from a monoclonal antibody or polyclonal antibody that specifically binds to a senescent cell associated antigen. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies may generally be prepared by any of a variety of techniques known to persons having ordinary skill in the art. See, e.g., Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988); Peterson, ILAR J. 46:314-19 (2005)); Green et al., “Production of Polyclonal Antisera,” in Immunochemical Protocols (Manson, ed.), pages 1-5 (Humana Press 1992); Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988); Williams et al., “Expression of foreign proteins in E. coli using plasmid vectors and purification of specific polyclonal antibodies,” in DNA Cloning 2: Expression Systems, 2nd Edition, Glover et al. (eds.), page 15 (Oxford University Press 1995)). Suitable animals include, for example, rabbits, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, subhuman primates and may also include smaller mammalian species, such as mice, rats, and hamsters, or other species (see, e.g., International Patent Application Publication No. WO 91/11465 (1991) and in Losman et al., Int. J. Cancer 46:310, 1990). Monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to the senescent cell associated antigen of interest and hybridomas, which are examples of immortal eukaryotic cell lines, that produce monoclonal antibodies having the desired binding specificity, may be prepared, for example, using the technique of Kohler and Milstein (Nature, 256:495-97 (1976), Eur. J. Immunol. 6:511-19 (1975)) and improvements thereto (see, e.g., Coligan et al. (eds.), Current Protocols in Immunology, 1:2.5.1-2.6.7 (John Wiley & Sons 1991); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,902,614, 4,543,439, and 4,411,993; Monoclonal Antibodies, Hybridomas: A New Dimension in Biological Analyses, Plenum Press, Kennett et al. (eds.) (1980); and Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Harlow and Lane (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1988); see also, e.g., Brand et al., Planta Med. 70:986-92 (2004); Pasqualini et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:257-59 (2004)).

An antibody that specifically binds to the senescent cell associated antigen of interest may be derived from a human monoclonal antibody. Human monoclonal antibodies may be generated by any number of techniques with which those having ordinary skill in the art will be familiar. Such methods include, but are not limited to, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) transformation of human peripheral blood cells (e.g., containing B lymphocytes) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,464,456; see also, e.g., Glasky et al., Hybridoma 8:377-89 (1989)); in vitro immunization of human B cells (see, e.g., Boerner et al., J. Immunol. 147:86-95 (1991)); fusion of spleen cells from immunized transgenic mice carrying inserted human immunoglobulin genes (see, e.g., Green et al., Nature Genet. 7:13 (1994); Lonberg et al., Nature 368:856 (1994); Taylor et al., Int Immun. 6:579 (1994); U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,397; Bruggemann et al., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8:455-58 (1997); Jakobovits et al., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 764:525-35 (1995)); isolation from human immunoglobulin V region phage libraries; cloning the light chain and heavy chain variable regions from a B cell that is producing an anti-cellular polypeptide antibody (WO 92/02551; U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,052; Babcook et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7843-48 (1996)); or other procedures as known in the art and based on the disclosure herein.

The Fv region may further comprise one or all of the framework regions that comprise the variable region of an immunoglobulin. If the Fv region is derived from a non-human antibody, and framework regions are included in the recombinant antibody, the antibody may be further genetically engineered to create a “humanized” antibody. Such a humanized antibody may comprise a plurality of CDRs derived from an immunoglobulin of a non-human mammalian species, at least one human variable framework region. Useful strategies for designing humanized antibodies include, by way of illustration and not limitation, identification of human variable framework regions that are most homologous to the non-human framework regions of the chimeric antibody (see, e.g., Jones et al., Nature 321:522-25 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature 332:323-27 (1988)). Designing a humanized variable region may include determining CDR loop conformations and structural determinants of the non-human variable regions, for example, by computer modeling, and then comparing the CDR loops and determinants to known human CDR loop structures and determinants (see, e.g., Padlan et al., FASEB 9:133-39 (1995); Chothia et al., Nature, 342:377-83 (1989)). Computer modeling may also be used to compare human structural templates selected by sequence homology with the non-human variable regions (see, e.g., Bajorath et al., Ther. Immunol. 2:95-103 (1995); EP-0578515-A3; Davies et al., Ann. Rev. Biochem. 59:439-73, (1990)). If humanization of the non-human CDRs results in a decrease in binding affinity, computer modeling may aid in identifying specific amino acid residues that could be changed by site-directed or other mutagenesis techniques to partially, completely, or supra-optimally (i.e., increase to a level greater than that of the non-humanized antibody) restore affinity. Those having ordinary skill in the art are familiar with these techniques and will readily appreciate numerous variations and modifications to such design strategies.

A minimal recognition unit is an antibody fragment comprising a single complementarity-determining region (CDR). Such CDR peptides can be obtained by constructing polynucleotides that encode the CDR of an antibody of interest according to methods practiced by persons of ordinary skill in the art (see, for example, Larrick et al., Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology 2:106, (1991); Courtenay-Luck, “Genetic Manipulation of Monoclonal Antibodies,” in Monoclonal Antibodies: Production, Engineering and Clinical Application, Ritter et al. (eds.), page 166 (Cambridge University Press 1995); and Ward et al., “Genetic Manipulation and Expression of Antibodies,” in Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Applications, Birch et al., (eds.), page 137 (Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1995)). Alternatively, such CDR peptides and other antibody fragment can be synthesized using an automated peptide synthesizer.

In other embodiments, a minimal recognition unit may be identified from a peptide library. Such peptides may be identified and isolated from combinatorial libraries (see, e.g., International Patent Application Nos. PCT/US91/08694 and PCT/US91/04666) and from phage display peptide libraries (see, e.g., Scott et al., Science 249:386 (1990); Devlin et al., Science 249:404 (1990); Cwirla et al., Science 276: 1696-99 (1997); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,409; 5,733,731; 5,498,530; 5,432,018; 5,338,665; 1994; U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,545; International Application Publication Nos. WO 96/40987 and WO 98/15833). In phage display peptide libraries, random peptide sequences are fused to a phage coat protein such that the peptides are displayed on the external surface of a filamentous phage particle.

A peptide that is a minimal recognition unit or a CDR (i.e., any one or more of three CDRs present in a heavy chain variable region and/or one or more of three CDRs present in a light chain variable region) may be identified by computer modeling techniques, which can be used for comparing and predicting a peptide sequence that will specifically bind the senescent cell-associated antigen of interest (see, e.g., Bradley et al., Science 309:1868 (2005); Schueler-Furman et al., Science 310:638 (2005)). Such computer-assisted predictive modeling techniques may also be useful for altering the binding affinity of an antibody. Amino acid substitutions may be readily accomplished using any one of a number of mutagenesis techniques described herein and used routinely in the art for making polynucleotide and polypeptide variants.

According to certain embodiments, non-human, human, or humanized heavy chain and light chain variable regions of any of the immunoglobulin molecules described herein may be constructed as scFv polypeptide fragments (single chain antibodies). See, e.g., Bird et al., Science 242:423-426 (1988); Huston et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-83 (1988)). Multi-functional scFv fusion proteins may be generated by linking a polynucleotide sequence encoding an scFv polypeptide in-frame with at least one polynucleotide sequence encoding any of a variety of known effector proteins. These methods are known in the art, and are disclosed, for example, in EP-B1-0318554, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,132,405, 5,091,513, and 5,476,786. By way of example, effector proteins may include immunoglobulin constant region sequences. See, e.g., Hollenbaugh et al., J. Immunol. Methods 188:1-7 (1995). Other examples of effector proteins are enzymes. As a non-limiting example, such an enzyme may provide a biological activity for therapeutic purposes (see, e.g., Siemers et al., Bioconjug. Chem. 8:510-19 (1997)), or may provide a detectable activity, such as horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed conversion of any of a number of well-known substrates into a detectable product, for diagnostic uses.

Antibodies may also be identified and isolated from human immunoglobulin phage libraries, from rabbit immunoglobulin phage libraries, from mouse immunoglobulin phage libraries, and/or from chicken immunoglobulin phage libraries (see, e.g., Winter et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:433-55 (1994); Burton et al., Adv. Immunol. 57:191-280 (1994); U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; Huse et al., Science 246:1275-81 (1989); Schlebusch et al., Hybridoma 16:47-52 (1997) and references cited therein; Rader et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275:13668-76 (2000); Popkov et al., J. Mol. Biol. 325:325-35 (2003); Andris-Widhopf et al., J. Immunol. Methods 242:159-31 (2000)). Antibodies isolated from non-human species or non-human immunoglobulin libraries may be genetically engineered according to methods described herein and known in the art to humanize the antibody or fragment thereof. Immunoglobulin variable region gene combinatorial libraries may be created in phage vectors that can be screened to select immunoglobulin fragments (Fab, Fv, scFv, or multimers thereof) that bind specifically to the senescent cell associated antigen of interest (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; Huse et al., Science 246:1275-81 (1989); Sastry et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5728-32 (1989); Alting-Mees et al., Strategies in Molecular Biology 3:1-9 (1990); Kang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4363-66 (1991); Hoogenboom et al., J. Molec. Biol. 227:381-388 (1992); Schlebusch et al., Hybridoma 16:47-52 (1997) and references cited therein; U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,015).

In certain other embodiments, antibodies are multimeric antibody fragments. Useful methodologies are described generally, for example in Hayden et al., Curr Opin. Immunol. 9:201-12 (1997) and Coloma et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 15:159-63 (1997). For example, multimeric antibody fragments may be created by phage techniques to form miniantibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,573) or diabodies (Holliger et al., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 45:128-30 (1997)). Multimeric fragments may be generated that are multimers of a viral coat protein-specific Fv. Multimeric antibodies include bispecific and bifunctional antibodies comprising a first Fv specific for an antigen (e.g., E-selectin) associated with a second Fv having a different antigen specificity (see, e.g., Drakeman et al., Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 6:1169-78 (1997); Koelemij et al., J. Immunother. 22:514-24 (1999); Marvin et al., Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 26:649-58 (2005); Das et al., Methods Mol. Med. 109:329-46 (2005)). In an exemplary embodiment, the recombinant antibody comprises at least two Fv regions (bivalent), and in other embodiments may comprise 3 or more Fv regions (i.e., multivalent). In certain embodiments, the bivalent and multivalent Fv regions each specifically bind to different senescent cell associated antigens; in other embodiments, the bivalent and multivalent regions each bind to different epitopes of the same senescent cell associated antigen. By way of non-limiting example, a bivalent recombinant antibody comprises an Fv region specific for human or mouse p16INK4a and a second Fv region that is specific for a different SCAAg (e.g., a SCAAg listed in Table 1 or a SCAAg that is encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from Table 2 or Table 3).

Immunoglobulin framework and constant region sequences are available in the art, for example, in Kabat et al. (in Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 4th ed., (U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991); see also Kabat databases available on the Internet). In a particular embodiment, the recombinant antibody comprises an Fc (constant region) derived from a human immunoglobulin. In a more specific embodiment, the Fc regions is derived from an immunoglobulin class, such as IgG, that mediates effector functions that facilitate clearance of a senescence cell from a tissue of a subject immunized with an immunogenic composition described herein,

Antibodies that bind to specific cell-surface antigens on target cells (e.g., a senescent cell) can induce cytotoxicity via effector functions of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) through the Fc region of the antibody, and apoptosis of target cells directly (see, e.g., Shan et al., 2000, Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 48:673-683; Carter et al., 2001, Nat. Rev. Cancer 1:118-129; Glennie et al., 2003, Drug Discov. Today 8:503-510; Smith et al., 2003, Oncogene 22:7359-7368; Weiner and Carter, 2005, Nat. Biotechnol. 23:556-7). The cell mediated reaction where non-specific cytotoxic cells that express Fcγ receptors recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently causes lysis of the target cell is known as antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) (see, e.g., Raghavan et al., 1996, Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 12:181-220). Another important Fc ligand is the complement protein Clq, the binding of which mediates complement dependent cytotoxicity (see, e.g., Ward et al, 1995, Ther. Immunol. 2:77-94). Binding of C1q to at least two IgGs is sufficient to activate the classical complement cascade, causing osmotic lysis of target cells. Animal models and clinical trials suggest an important role for Fc receptors and ADCC in clinical efficacy of antibody therapies (see, e.g., Clynes et al., 2000, Nat. Med. 6:443-446; de Haij et al., 2010, Cancer Res. 70:3209-3217; Weng and Levy, 2003, J. Clin. Oncol. 21:3940-3947). In certain embodiments, antibody therapies specific for a senescent cell associated antigen may be modified to enhance ADCC activity.

For IgG antibodies, ADCC and ADCP require the engagement of the Fc region of an antibody that is bound to the surface of a target cell with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) (see, e.g., Cohen-Solal et al., 2004, Immunol. Lett. 92:199-205). In humans, FcγRs comprise FcγRI (CD64); FcγRII (CD32), including FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb, and FcγRIIc isoforms; and FcγRIII (CD16), including FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb isoforms (see, e.g., Jefferis et al., 2002, Immunol. Lett. 82:57-65; Raghavan et al., 1996, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12:181-220). FcγRs are expressed on a variety of immune cells. Binding of Fc/FcγR complex recruits these cells to sites of bound antigen, resulting in signaling and subsequent immune responses such as release of inflammation mediators, activation of B cells, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and cytoxicity. FcγRs have varying affinity for the same Fc region (FcγRI high, FcγRII and FcγRIII low). While FcγRI, FcγRIIa/c, and FcγRIII are activating receptors characterized by an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), FcγRIIb has an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) and is accordingly an inhibitor receptor.

IgG molecules comprise an N-linked oligosaccharide covalently linked at a conserved N297 (EU numbering system, Kabat et al., supra) residue of each of the CH2 domains of the Fc region. The oligosaccharides found in the Fc region of serum IgGs are mostly biantennary glycans of the complex type. Variations of IgG glycosylation patterns include attachment of terminal sialic acid, a third GlcNAc arm (bisecting GlcNAc), a terminal galactosylation, and α-1, 6-linked core fucosylation. Oligosaccharides may contain zero (G0), one (G1) or two (G2) galactoses. The precise pattern of glycosylation depends on the structural properties of IgG subcomponents, in particular, the CH2 and CH3 domains (see, e.g., Lund et al., 2000, Eur. J. Biochem. 267:7246-7257). The cell lines used for recombinant monoclonal antibody synthesis may also influence oligosaccharide chain synthesis. The oligosaccharide moiety of glycoproteins is initially synthesized by the cell from lipid-linked oligosaccharides to form Glc₃Man₉G1cNAc₂-pyrophosphoryl-dolichol, which is transferred to the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. The oligosaccharide portion is then sequentially processed. First, all three glucose resides are removed by glucosidases I and II to yield Man₉G1cNAc₂-protein. Further removal of a number of mannose residues may occur. Initially, four α1,2-linked mannoses are removed to yield a Man₅G1cNAc₂-protein, which is then elongated by the addition of a N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue, producing GlcNAcMan₅GlcNAc₂-protein. Mannosidase II then removes the α1,3- and α1,6-linked mannoses. Then, other sugars, GlcNAc, galactose, and sialic acid, are added sequentially to yield the complex structures often found on glycoproteins.

Methods of enhancing Fc receptor binding include Fc amino acid modification and modification of Fc carbohydrate structures. For immunoglobulins, it has been demonstrated that the attachment of an N-linked oligosaccharide to Asn-297 of the CH2 domain is critical for ADCC activity. Removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide through mutation of the N-linked consensus site or by enzymatic means results in little or no ADCC activity. Removal of the core α-1,6-fucose moiety from IgG1 Fc oligosaccharides has been demonstrated to improve FcγRIII binding and ADCC activity (see, e.g., Carter, 2001, Nat. Rev. Cancer 1:118-129; Kanda et al., Glycobiology, 2006, 17:104-118; Shields et al., 2002, J. Biol. Chem. 277:26733-26740; Shinkawa et al., 2003, J Biol. Chem., 2003, 278:3466-3473; Niwa et al., 2004, Cancer Res. 64:2127-2133). The level of another glycoform, bisected N-linked carbohydrate, has also been suggested to increase ADCC (see, e.g., Umana et al, 1999, Nat. Biotechnol. 17:176-180; Hodoniczky et al., 2005, Biotechnol. Prog. 21:1644-52)

Compositions and methods for producing antibody-based therapies with modified glycosylation pattern of the Fc region are known in the art. For example, inhibition or disruption of glycoprotein processing may be used to modify Fc glycosylation to enhance ADCC (see, e.g., Rothman et al., 1989, Mol. Immunol. 26:1113-23). Antibodies produced from castanospermine-treated hybridomas also exhibited enhanced ADCC by NK cells (see, e.g., Kaushal and Elbein, 1995, Methods Enzymol. 230:316-329, incorporated herein in its entirety). U.S. Pat. No. 8,071,336, incorporated herein in its entirety, describes methods of producing antibodies comprising oligomannose-type-N-glycans with enhanced ADCC and higher binding affinity for FcγRIIIA by culturing hybridomas in the presence of kifunesine. Antibody producing cells may be genetically modified to reduce/inhibit expression of enzymes involved in glycoprotein processing. WO2009/114641, incorporated herein in its entirety, describes antibody producing cells lacking GlcNAc transferase I, yielding antibodies with enhanced ADCC. Antibodies with lower fucosylated oligosaccharide and enhanced ADCC have been produced using hybridomas expressing lower α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (see, e.g., Shinkawa et al., 2003, J. Biol. Chem. 278:3466-3473; European Patent Applic. Pub. No. 1176195, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). U.S. Pat. No. 7,931,895, incorporated herein in its entirety, describes antibodies with bi-antennary glycan structures with short chains, low degree of sialylation, and non-intercalated terminal mannoses and/or terminal GlcNAcs that have enhanced ADCC activity. U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0053223, incorporated herein in its entirety, describes methods for making antibodies with Man5 glycans.

A variety of Fc sequence variants with optimized binding affinity for FcγRs and/or enhanced ADCC have been described and are known in the art. By way of example, Fc S239D/I332E double mutants have been shown to have enhanced effector function (see, e.g., Lazar et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103:4005-4010, incorporated herein in its entirety). U.S. Patent Publication 2010/0297103, incorporated herein in its entirety, describes constant region positions for cysteine substitutions for enhancing ADCC. Lazar et al. described IgG1 Fc mutations of S298A, E333A, and K334A with optimized FcγR affinity and specificity (see, e.g., Shields et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276:6591-6604 (2001), incorporated herein in its entirety). U.S. Patent Publication 2006/0039904, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes an IgG1 Fc region high effector function amino acid residue 332E, as well as a variety of other Fc residue substitutions for enhancing ADCC. U.S. Pat. No. 8,192,737, incorporated herein in its entirety, describes IgG Fc variants at position 396 with increased ADCC activity.

Also provided herein are methods of manufacture for producing an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, that specifically binds to a senescent cell associated antigen of interest. For example a process (or method) for manufacturing an antibody may comprise determining the nucleotide sequence that encodes the antibody by using standard molecular biology techniques, including primer design, hybridization, nucleic acid isolation, cloning, and amplification, and sequencing. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, may be incorporated into a recombinant expression construct (i.e., vector) according to well-known methods and principles known in the molecular biology art and described herein for preparing a recombinant expression vector.

The nucleic acid molecules encoding the antibody or antigen binding fragment, as described herein, may be propagated and expressed according to any of a variety of routinely practiced procedures for nucleic acid excision, ligation, transformation, and transfection. Thus, in certain embodiments expression of the antibody or antigen binding fragment may be preferred in a prokaryotic host cell, such as Escherichia coli (see, e.g., Pluckthun et al., Methods Enzymol. 178:497-515 (1989)). In certain other embodiments, the antibody may be expressed in a eukaryotic host cell, including animal cells (including mammalian cells); yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Pichia pastoris); or plant cells. Examples of suitable animal cells include, but are not limited to, myeloma, HEK293, COS, or CHO cells. Examples of plant cells include tobacco, corn, soybean, and rice cells. By methods known to those having ordinary skill in the art and based on the present disclosure, a nucleic acid vector may be designed for expressing foreign sequences in a particular host system, and then polynucleotide sequences encoding the cellular polypeptide may be inserted. The regulatory elements will vary as appropriate for the particular host.

Immune Response

An immune response that results in clearance (i.e., removal, elimination, destruction) of senescent cells may include a humoral or cellular immune response or both a humoral and cellular immune response. A humoral immune response has been generally described as a response in which antibodies (i.e., immunoglobulins) specific for antigens are produced by differentiated B lymphocytes. The Fc portion of the immunoglobulin mediates certain effector functions including activation of the classical complement cascade; interaction with effector cells; and compartmentalization of immunoglobulins. Destruction of senescent cells may therefore comprise antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement fixation and associated complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).

Typically, ADCC involves activation of NK cells by antibodies. An NK cell expresses CD16 which is an Fc receptor. This receptor recognizes, and binds to, the Fc portion of an antibody, such as an IgG, which has bound to the surface of a target cell. The most common Fc receptor on the surface of an NK cell is called CD16 or FcγRIII. Once the Fc receptor binds to the Fc region of IgG, the NK cell releases cytokines such as IFN-γ, and cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzymes that enter the target cell and promote cell death by triggering apoptosis. This is similar to, but independent of, responses by cytotoxic (CTLs).

Cell mediated responses involve various types of T lymphocytes that eliminate antigens, and cells expressing the antigens, by a variety of mechanisms. For example, CD4+ helper T cells that are capable of recognizing specific antigens may release soluble mediators such as cytokines to recruit additional cells of the immune system to participate in an immune response. CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are also capable of recognizing specific antigens and may bind to and destroy or damage an antigen-bearing cell or particle. Cell mediated immune responses also include a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and can be important for elimination of senescent cells.

As described herein, the immune response evoked by any one of the immunogens described herein may include a specific T cell response, a specific B cell response (i.e., production of specific antibodies), or both a specific T cell immune response and B cell immune response in the immunized subject. As used herein, the immune response is said to be “specific for,” “specific to,” or “specifically against” a senescent cell (i.e., specific for one or more senescence cell associated antigens) when the immune response is detectable at a level greater than the level against a non-senescent cell. Also as described herein, the immune response evoked by any one of the immunogens described herein may include production of specific antibodies in the immunized subject. Interaction or binding of an antibody to a specific antigen generally involves electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic interactions. Any one of these or any combination thereof can play a role in the binding between an antibody and its antigen. As used herein, an antibody is said to be “specific for” or to “specifically bind” its cognate senescent cell associate antigen (or fragment thereof) or a senescent cell that expresses the antigen when the antibody reacts at a detectable level with the respective immunogen, preferably with an affinity constant, K_(a), of greater than or equal to about 10⁴ M⁻¹, or greater than or equal to about 10⁵ M⁻¹, greater than or equal to about 10⁶ M⁻¹, greater than or equal to about 10⁷ M⁻¹, or greater than or equal to 10⁸ M⁻¹. The ability of the antibody to bind to its cognate ligand may also be expressed as a dissociation constant K_(D), and an antibody is said to specifically bind its cognate ligand if it binds with a K_(D) of less than or equal to 10⁻⁴ M, less than or equal to about 10⁻⁵ M, less than or equal to about 10⁻⁶ M, less than or equal to 10⁻⁷ M, or less than or equal to 10⁻⁸ M.

Affinities of an antibody for a senescent cell associate antigen described herein, can be readily determined using conventional techniques, for example, those described by Scatchard et al. (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. USA 51:660 (1949)) and by surface plasmon resonance (SPR; BIAcore™, Biosensor, Piscataway, N.J.). For surface plasmon resonance, target molecules are immobilized on a solid phase and exposed to ligands in a mobile phase running along a flow cell. If ligand binding to the immobilized target occurs, the local refractive index changes, leading to a change in SPR angle, which can be monitored in real time by detecting changes in the intensity of the reflected light. The rates of change of the surface plasmon resonance signal can be analyzed to yield apparent rate constants for the association and dissociation phases of the binding reaction. The ratio of these values gives the apparent equilibrium constant (affinity) (see, e.g., Wolff et al., Cancer Res. 53:2560-65 (1993)).

The immunological status, including the presence, level, or extent of a specific immune response, of a subject before, during, and after active immunization with an immunogen described herein or passive immunization with a recombinant antibody described herein (or composition comprising the immunogen or antibody) may be monitored. Induction and production of cytokines and other immune modulators can be determined by methods and techniques routinely practiced in the art for determining the level of immune modulators and cytokines in a biological sample obtained from the subject before, during, and/or after treatment. An immune response, including activation and proliferation of immune cells and level of specific antibodies, in a subject may be determined by any number of well-known immunological techniques and methods with which those having ordinary skill in the art will be readily familiar. Such assays include, but need not be limited to, in vivo or in vitro determination of the presence or level of one or more cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-12, and also IL-6, IL-1β, leukemia inhibitory factor, TNF-α, IL-10), lymphokines, chemokines, hormones, growth factors, and the like. Cellular activation state changes may also be determined, for example, by determining altered functional or structural properties of cells of the immune system, for example cell proliferation, altered motility, induction of specialized activities such as specific gene expression or cytolytic behavior; cellular differentiation by cells of the immune system, including altered surface antigen expression profiles or the onset of apoptosis (programmed cell death). Procedures for performing these and similar assays may be found, for example, in Lefkovits (Immunology Methods Manual: The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Techniques, 1998). See also Current Protocols in Immunology; Weir, Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Blackwell Scientific, Boston, Mass. (1986); Mishell and Shigii (eds.) Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology, Freeman Publishing, San Francisco, Calif. (1979); Green and Reed, Science 281:1309 (1998)) and references cited therein. Immunoassays to determine the level of specific anti-senescent cell antigen antibodies in a subject are also routinely practiced in the art and described herein.

A “biological sample” may include a sample from a subject, and may be a blood sample (from which serum or plasma may be prepared), a biopsy specimen, one or more body fluids (e.g., lung lavage, ascites, mucosal washings, synovial fluid), bone marrow, lymph nodes, tissue explant, organ culture, or any other tissue or cell preparation from the subject or a biological source. A biological sample may further refer to a tissue or cell preparation in which the morphological integrity or physical state has been disrupted, for example, by dissection, dissociation, solubilization, fractionation, homogenization, biochemical or chemical extraction, pulverization, lyophilization, sonication, or any other means for processing a sample derived from a subject or biological source. In certain embodiments, the subject or biological source may be a human or non-human animal, a primary cell culture (e.g., immune cells), or culture adapted cell line, including but not limited to, genetically engineered cell lines that may contain chromosomally integrated or episomal recombinant nucleic acid sequences, immortalized or immortalizable cell lines, somatic cell hybrid cell lines, differentiated or differentiatable cell lines, transformed cell lines, and the like.

Animal models are also available for determining the effect of the immunogens described herein on age-sensitive traits. Such traits include for example T cell subset distribution, cataract formation, spontaneous activity, motor coordination, and cognitive capacity, physical function, body composition (e.g., sarcopenia, osteoporosis, loss of fat mass) and cardiac function. In animal models, physical function can be assessed, for example, by measuring running time, distance and work using a motorized treadmill, and grip strength using a grip meter, according to previously described protocols (e.g., Zhang et al., Animal Models of Inflammatory Pain, Neuromethods, Volume 49, Oct. 20, 2010, 23-40; Balkaya et al., Behavioral Testing in Mouse Models of Stroke, Neuromethods, Volume 47, 2010, 179-197). Lean mass, fat mass and bone mineral density can be assessed, for example, by QNMR and/or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements as previously described (e.g., Reed et al., Physiology & Behavior, Vol. 91, 2007, 593-600; Halldorsdottir et al., Int. J. Body Compos. Res., 2009; 7(4), 147-154; Brommage et al., AJP—Endo, Sep. 1, 2003, Vol. 285, No. 3 E454-E459). Methods and techniques are also available for assessing many of these traits in human subjects.

Spontaneous activity of individual mice can be measured, for example, over a 48-hour period using comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring systems equipped with photocells (e.g., Columbus Instruments) as previously described (e.g., Handschin et al., J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 282, 41, 30014, Oct. 12, 2007; Pack et al., Physiol. Genomics (Sep. 19, 2006)). Motor coordination can be analyzed, for example, by performing an accelerating rotarod test. For measuring cognitive capacity, a modified Stone T-maze, which is sensitive to age-related changes in learning and memory, can be used. In animal models, illustrative age-sensitive traits and the benefit of immunization with an immunogenic composition described herein can be measured using tissues and organs of test and control mice, including fiber diameter analysis on gastrocnemius muscle, DNA damage analysis, analysis of renal and glomerulosclerosis, analysis for retinal atrophy, proteotoxic stress analysis, oxidative stress analysis, analysis of the hematopoietic system, and the like.

Methods of Treating Diseases, Disorders, and Conditions by Immunization

The immunogens, immunogenic compositions, and methods described herein are useful for treating diseases, disorders, and conditions that are treatable or preventable by clearing (i.e., removing, destroying, eliminating) senescent cells from a tissue in the subject receiving the immunization. Protocols for administering an immunogenic composition described herein may be readily established by a person skilled in the art. Typically, after administering an initial dose of an immunogenic composition comprising an immunogen (also called the primary immunization) to a subject, one, two or more doses of the immunogenic composition (also called boosting or booster doses) are administered. Administration of one or more booster immunizations may vary according to, inter alia, the immunogen, the adjuvant (if any), the co-stimulatory molecule (if any) and/or the particular animal species. As described herein, the level of an immune response (B cell, T cell, or both) after the first and each administration of an immunogen may be determined by methods described herein and in the art.

In certain embodiments, the immunogenic composition comprises a recombinant antibody(ies) that specifically bind to a SCAAg. The pharmacokinetics and clearance of the antibody can be monitored by using any one or more of the immunoassays described herein and routinely practiced in the art. The immunogenicity of the recombinant antibody can also be monitored to determine whether the recombinant antibody is evoking an undesired anti-recombinant antibody immune response.

As understood by a person skilled in the medical art, the terms, “treat” and “treatment,” refer to medical management of a disease, disorder, or condition of a subject (i.e., patient) (see, e.g., Stedman's Medical Dictionary). In general, an appropriate dose and treatment regimen provide the immunogen in an amount sufficient to provide therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit. Therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit includes, for example, an improved clinical outcome, both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow or retard (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, or to prevent or slow or retard (lessen) the expansion or severity of such disease or disorder. Beneficial or desired clinical results from treating a subject include, but are not limited to, abatement, lessening, or alleviation of symptoms that result from or are associated the disease or disorder to be treated; decreased occurrence of symptoms; improved quality of life; longer disease-free status (i.e., decreasing the likelihood or the propensity that a subject will present symptoms on the basis of which a diagnosis of a disease is made); diminishment of extent of disease; stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease; delay or slowing of disease progression; amelioration or palliation of the disease state; and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable; and/or overall survival. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival when compared to expected survival if a subject were not receiving treatment. Subjects in need of treatment include those who already have the disease or disorder as well as subjects prone to have or at risk of developing the disease or disorder, and those in which the disease, condition, or disorder is to be prevented (i.e., decreasing the likelihood of occurrence or recurrence of the disease or disorder). A subject may have a genetic predisposition for developing a disease or disorder that would benefit from clearance of senescent cells or may be of a certain age wherein immunization would provide clinical benefit to delay development or reduce severity of a disease, such as an age-related disease or disorder.

A subject (i.e., patient, individual) in need of the therapeutic methods described herein is a human or non-human animal. The subject in need of medical therapies with enhanced efficacy may exhibit symptoms or sequelae of a disease described herein or may be at risk of developing the disease. Non-human animals that may be treated include mammals, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like), rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits), lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig), equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals.

An age-related disorder or disease or an age-sensitive trait may be associated with a senescence-inducing stimulus. The efficacy of immunization as described herein may be manifested by reducing the number of symptoms of an age-related disorder or age-sensitive trait associated with a senescence-inducing stimulus, decreasing the severity of one or more symptoms, or delaying the progression of an age-related disorder or age-sensitive trait associated with a senescence-inducing stimulus. In other particular embodiments, preventing an age-related disorder or age-sensitive trait associated with a senescence-inducing stimulus refers to preventing or delaying onset of an age-related disorder or age-sensitive trait associated with a senescence-inducing stimulus, or reoccurrence of one or more age-related disorder or age-sensitive trait associated with a senescence-inducing stimulus. The effectiveness of an immunogenic composition described herein to evoke a beneficial immune response against senescent cells can readily be determined by a person skilled in the medical and clinical arts. One or any combination of diagnostic methods, including physical examination, assessment and monitoring of clinical symptoms, and performance of analytical tests and methods described herein, may be used for monitoring the health status of the subject. The effects of immunization can be analyzed using techniques known in the art, such as comparing symptoms of patients suffering from or at risk of a particular disease or disorder that have received the immunogenic composition with those of patients without such immunization or with placebo treatment.

In one embodiment, methods are provided for treating or preventing diseases or disorders related to, associated with, or caused by cellular senescence including age-related diseases and disorders. Exemplary diseases or disorders that may be treated or prevented by administering an immunogenic composition described herein include, without limitation, cognitive diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and other dementias); cardiovascular disease; diabetes; motor function diseases and disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease); cancer occurrence, cancer metastasis, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, emphysema, osteoarthritis, peripheral vascular disease, cardiac diastolic dysfunction, benign prostatic hypertrophy, aortic aneurysm, and emphysema. Evoking an immune response that comprises clearance of senescence cells by employing the immunization methods described herein may also be useful for treating or reducing the likelihood of cancer or cancer metastasis (exemplary cancers include melanoma, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, thyroid cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, skin cancer (including squamous cell skin cancer), renal cancer, head and neck cancers, throat cancer, squamous carcinomas that form on the moist mucosal linings of the nose, mouth, throat, etc.), bladder cancer, osteosarcoma (bone cancer), cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, and kidney cancer; those that occur in blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes and include generally, leukemias (myeloid and lymphocytic), lymphomas (e.g., Hodgkin lymphoma), and melanoma (including multiple myeloma). Leukemias include for example, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and hairy cell leukemia).

The efficacy of the immunization methods may be determined and monitored by assessing one or more age-sensitive traits. Such traits include for example T cell subset distribution, cataract formation, spontaneous activity, motor coordination, and cognitive capacity, physical function, body composition (e.g., sarcopenia, osteoporosis, loss of fat mass) and cardiac function. These exemplary age-sensitive traits can be assessed using standard techniques known and available in the art. In a related embodiment, the lean mass, fat mass and bone mineral density are measured by QNMR, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, MRI, PET, or a combination thereof. In another related embodiment, the physical function is a measure of (1) running time, distance, and work using a motorized treadmill, (2) grip strength using a grip meter, or (3) any combination measure thereof. In another embodiment, the age-sensitive trait is a measure of a tissue or organ, wherein the measure is of fiber diameter on gastrocnemius muscle, DNA damage, renal and glomerulosclerosis, retinal atrophy, proteotoxic stress, oxidative stress, or hematopoietic system.

In certain embodiments, the immunogenic compositions described herein are administered to a subject who has a cancer or who is at risk of developing cancer. The immunogens and recombinant antibodies described herein that evoke an immune response that results in clearance of senescent cells may be used in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both to provide clinical benefit to the subject. Therapeutic benefit includes any one or more of reducing the size of the tumor(s), inhibiting tumor progression, inhibiting tumor growth, delaying tumor colonization, and/or inhibiting, preventing, or delaying metastasis of a tumor. Enhancing the effectiveness of the chemotherapy or radiotherapy may include preventing, slowing, or decreasing development of resistance of the cancer (i.e., tumor or tumors) to the chemotherapy or radiotherapy, thereby allowing additional cycles of therapy and/or decreasing the time interval between cycles of therapy.

An age-related disease or disorder includes diabetes and can be associated with cellular senescence. Therefore, clearance of senescent cells from a subject by administering an immunogenic composition described herein may provide therapeutic benefit. Subjects suffering from type 2 diabetes can be identified using standard diagnostic methods known in the art for type 2 diabetes. Generally, diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is based on symptoms (e.g., increased thirst and frequent urination, increased hunger, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing sores or frequent infections, and/or areas of darkened skin), medical history, and/or physical examination of a patient. Subjects at risk of developing type 2 diabetes include those having a family history of type 2 diabetes and those having other risk factors such as weight, fat distribution, inactivity, race, age, prediabetes, and/or gestational diabetes. Clinical benefit and improvement of a subject who has diabetes may be evaluated by stability of glucose levels. For example, an increase in the length of time between doses of insulin or a decrease in the dose of insulin required to maintain proper glucose levels in patients who receive an immunogenic composition described herein indicates improved effectiveness of the insulin. Other clinical parameters that may be monitored include level of insulin tolerance, energy expenditure, body composition, fat tissue, skeletal muscle, liver inflammation, lipotoxicity (muscle and liver lipid by imaging in vivo and muscle, liver, bone marrow, and pancreatic β-cell lipid accumulation and inflammation by histology).

Other age-related diseases or disorders that may be associated with cellular senescence are neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Motor Neuron Dysfunction (MND). Therefore, clearance of senescent cells from a subject who has or who is at risk of developing such a neurological disease may benefit by receiving an immunogenic composition described herein.

Subjects suffering from Alzheimer's disease can be identified using standard diagnostic methods known in the art for Alzheimer's disease. Generally, diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is based on symptoms (e.g., progressive decline in memory function, gradual retreat from and frustration with normal activities, apathy, agitation or irritability, aggression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, dysphoria, aberrant motor behavior, disinhibition, social withdrawal, decreased appetite, hallucinations, dementia), medical history, neuropsychological tests, neurological and/or physical examination of a patient. Cerebrospinal fluid may also be for tested for various proteins that have been associated with Alzheimer pathology, including tau, amyloid beta peptide, and AD7C-NTP. Genetic testing is also available for early-onset familial Alzheimer disease (eFAD), an autosomal-dominant genetic disease. Clinical genetic testing is available for individuals with AD symptoms or at-risk family members of patients with early-onset disease. In the U.S., mutations for PS2, and APP may be tested in a clinical or federally approved laboratory under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments. A commercial test for PS1 mutations is also available (Elan Pharmaceuticals).

Subjects at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease include those of advanced age, those with a family history of Alzheimer's disease, those with genetic risk genes (e.g., ApoE4) or deterministic gene mutations (e.g., APP, PS1, or PS2), and those with history of head trauma or heart/vascular conditions (e.g., high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, high cholesterol).

Subjects suffering from MCI can be identified using standard diagnostic methods known in the art for MCI. Criteria for an MCI diagnosis typically include: an individual's report of his or her own memory problems; measurable, greater-than-normal memory impairment detected with standard memory assessment tests; normal general thinking and reasoning skills; and ability to perform normal daily activities. Generally, diagnosis of MCI is based on medical history, assessment of independent function and daily activities, assessment of mental status, neurological examination, evaluation of mood, laboratory tests including blood tests and imaging of the brain's structure of a patient. Exemplary assessments include Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores (a CDR rating of about 0.5 or about 0.5 to 1.0 is often considered clinically relevant MCI) and simple memory test (paragraph recall) to establish an objective memory deficit in combination of a measure of general cognition (mini-mental state exam) to exclude a broader cognitive decline beyond memory (see, Grundman et al., Arch Neurol. 61: 59-66, 2004). In certain embodiments, subjects suffering from MCI may also suffer from Parkinson's disease or have one or more symptoms commonly associated with Parkinson's disease.

Preventing Parkinson's disease as used herein refers to preventing or delaying onset of Parkinson's disease or reoccurrence of one or more symptoms. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, difficulty starting or finishing voluntary movements, jerky, stiff movements, muscle atrophy, shaking (tremors), and changes in heart rate, but normal reflexes, bradykinesia, and postural instability.

Subjects suffering from Parkinson's disease can be identified using standard diagnostic methods known in the art for Parkinson's disease. Generally, diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is based on symptoms, medical history, and neurological and/or physical examination of a patient. Subjects at risk of developing Parkinson's disease include those having a family history of Parkinson's disease and those exposed to pesticides (e.g., rotenone or paraquat), herbicides (e.g., agent orange), or heavy metals.

Subjects suffering from MND exhibit weakness, wasting, and loss of control of muscles. Some diseases affect all muscles (amyotrophic lateralsclerosis), and other diseases cause weakness and loss of function in particular muscles. Subjects develop wasting, uncontrollable twitching, spasticity (stiffness), and movements become slow and effortful. Subjects suffering from MND can be identified using standard diagnostic methods known in the art for MND. Subject are given a physical exam and neurological exam, which assesses motor and sensory skills, nerve function, hearing and speech, vision, coordination and balance, mental status, and changes in mood or behavior. To measure muscle involves the following may be performed: electromyography; laboratory tests to assess the presence of inflammation and/or infection and to measure protein creatine kinase; magnetic resonance imaging; muscle or nerve biopsies; and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Subjects at risk of developing MND include those who have genetic mutations associated with a particular MND. In adults, MNDs occur more commonly in men than in women, with symptoms appearing after age 40.

Cardiovascular disease includes high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, and heart disease, and many factors contribute to development of cardiovascular disease. These factors include aging, smoking, high cholesterol, and calcification of the cardiovascular tissue (Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2012 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation (2012), 125:e5-e220 (“Heart Disease Statistics”)). Subjects suffering from cardiovascular disease can be identified using standard diagnostic methods known in the art for cardiovascular disease. Generally, diagnosis of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disease is based on symptoms (e.g., chest pain or pressure (angina), numbness or weakness in arms or legs, difficulty speaking or slurred speech, drooping muscles in face, leg pain, high blood pressure, kidney failure and/or erectile dysfunction), medical history, and/or physical examination of a patient. Subjects at risk of developing cardiovascular disease include those having a family history of cardiovascular disease and those having other risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity and/or smoking.

Cardiovascular disease include angina, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease (CAD), carotid artery disease, endocarditis, heart attack (coronary thrombosis, myocardial infarction [MI]), high blood pressure/hypertension, hypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia, mitral valve prolapsed, peripheral artery disease (PAD) and stroke. The benefit to a subject who received an immunogenic composition described herein may be monitored using any known and established techniques, illustrative examples of which include detection or signs of narrowed, enlarged or hardened arteries during a physical exam. These include a weak or absent pulse below the narrowed area of an artery, decreased blood pressure in an affected limb, whooshing sounds (bruits) over the arteries heard using a stethoscope, signs of a pulsating bulge (aneurysm) in the abdomen or behind the knee and/or evidence of poor wound healing in an area where blood flow is restricted. Additional diagnostic tests for monitoring the effectiveness of an immunization method described herein may be performed, such as blood tests to detect cholesterol levels and blood sugar levels, Doppler ultrasound, ankle-brachial index testing, electrocardiogram (ECG), stress tests, cardiac catheterization and angiograms and/or other imaging tests.

Another age-related disease that may be treated by immunizing a subject in need with any one of the immunogenic compositions described herein is pulmonary fibrosis. Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis are known in the art and include shortness of breath, particularly during exercise; dry, hacking cough; fast, shallow breathing; gradual unintended weight loss; tiredness; aching joints and muscles; and clubbing (widening and rounding of the tips of the fingers or toes). Subjects suffering from pulmonary fibrosis can be identified and monitored using standard diagnostic methods known in the art for pulmonary fibrosis. Generally, diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis is based on one or more of the following exams or tests: physical exam, patient's medical history, patient's family's medical history, chest X-ray, lung function tests, blood test, bronchoalveolar lavage, lung biopsy, CT scan, and exercise testing.

Subjects at risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis include those exposed to environmental or occupational pollutants, such as asbestosis and silicosis; who smokes cigarettes; having some typical connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, SLE and scleroderma; having other diseases that involve connective tissue, such as sarcoidosis and Wegener's granulomatosis; having infections; taking certain medications (e.g., amiodarone, bleomycin, busufan, methotrexate, and nitrofurantoin); those subject to radiation therapy to the chest; and those whose family member has pulmonary fibrosis.

The immunization protocol used in the methods described herein will be designed dependent upon the disease or disorder to be treated, age of the subject, and on other factors with which a person skilled in the art may use to determine suitability of a subject for the immunization. For example, if a human subject is to be immunized to prevent or treat an age-related disease or disorder, an initial (i.e., primary) immunization may be administered after age 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, or older. Immunization to induce an immune response against senescent cells may also be initiated at an earlier age when the subject's health indicates initiating immunization independent of age is indicated. For example, a subject who is at risk of developing diabetes includes a subject who is overweight. By way of another example, a subject who has been diagnosed with a cancer and will receive chemotherapy, radiation, or both may benefit from the immunization methods described herein.

Pharmaceutically Suitable Immunogenic Compositions

Also provided herein are pharmaceutically suitable immunogenic compositions comprising any one or more of the immunogens described herein or a recombinant antibody described herein for evoking an immune response specific for a senescent cell. Immunogenic compositions may also be called herein immunogenic preparations, which preparations may comprise at least one immunogen and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The immunogenic composition may be a sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solution, suspension or emulsion, which additionally comprises a physiologically acceptable excipient (pharmaceutically acceptable or suitable excipient or carrier) (i.e., a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the activity of the active ingredient). The excipients described herein are merely exemplary and are in no way limiting. An effective amount or therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount of the immunogen or antibody administered to a subject, either as a single dose or as part of a series of doses, which is effective to produce a desired therapeutic effect.

Subjects may generally be monitored for therapeutic effectiveness using assays suitable for the condition being treated or prevented, which assays will be familiar to those having ordinary skill in the art and are described herein. The level of an immunogen or recombinant antibody that is administered to a subject may be monitored by determining the level of the immunogen or recombinant antibody, respectively, in a biological fluid, for example, in the blood, blood fraction (e.g., serum), and/or in the urine, and/or other biological sample from the subject. Any method practiced in the art to detect the immunogen or recombinant antibody may be used to measure the level of immunogen or recombinant antibody, respectively, during the course of a immunization regimen.

The dose of an immunogen or recombinant antibody described herein for evoking a specific immune response may depend upon the subject's condition, that is, stage of the disease if present, severity of symptoms caused by the disease, general health status, as well as age, gender, and weight, and other factors apparent to a person skilled in the medical art. Immunogenic compositions may be administered in a manner appropriate to the disease or disorder to be treated or prevented as determined by persons skilled in the medical arts. An appropriate dose and a suitable duration and frequency of administration will be determined by such factors as the condition of the patient, the type and severity of the patient's disease, the particular form of the active ingredient, and the method of administration. Optimal doses of an immunogen or recombinant antibody may generally be determined using experimental models and/or clinical trials. The optimal dose may depend upon the body mass, weight, or blood volume of the subject. The use of the minimum dose that is sufficient to provide an effective immune response is usually preferred. Design and execution of pre-clinical and clinical studies for an agent (including when administered for prophylactic benefit) described herein are well within the skill of a person skilled in the relevant art. For example, an amount of an immunogen or recombinant antibody may be administered at a dose between 0.01 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg (e.g., about 0.1 to 1 mg/kg, about 1 to 10 mg/kg, about 10-50 mg/kg, about 50-100 mg/kg, about 100-500 mg/kg, or about 500-1000 mg/kg) body weight.

The immunogenic compositions may be administered to a subject in need thereof by any one of several routes that effectively deliver an effective amount of the immunogen or recombinant antibody. Such administrative routes include, for example, oral, topical, parenteral, enteral, rectal, intranasal, buccal, sublingual, intramuscular, transdermal, vaginal, rectal, or by intracranial injection, or any combination thereof Such compositions may be in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas (aerosol). The administrative route is also determined by the type of immunogen or if the recombinant antibody is being administered. Immunogenic compositions comprising a senescent cell associated antigen, antigenic fragment, or fusion polypeptide may be administered intramuscularly, transdermally, intranasally, for example. Recombinant antibodies are typically administered by a parenteral route, such as intravenously.

Pharmaceutical acceptable excipients are well known in the pharmaceutical art and described, for example, in Rowe et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients: A Comprehensive Guide to Uses, Properties, and Safety, 5th Ed., 2006, and in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Gennaro, 21^(st) Ed. Mack Pub. Co., Easton, Pa. (2005)). Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include sterile saline and phosphate buffered saline at physiological pH. Preservatives, stabilizers, dyes, buffers, and the like may be provided in the immunogenic composition. In addition, antioxidants and suspending agents may also be used. In general, the type of excipient is selected based on the mode of administration, as well as the chemical composition of the active ingredient(s). Alternatively, compositions described herein may be formulated as a lyophilizate, or the immunogen or recombinant antibody may be encapsulated within liposomes using technology known in the art. Immunogenic compositions may be formulated for any appropriate manner of administration described herein and in the art.

A composition (e.g., for oral administration or delivery by injection) may be in the form of a liquid. A liquid immunogenic composition may include, for example, one or more of the following: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, preferably physiological saline, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils that may serve as the solvent or suspending medium, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol or other solvents; antibacterial agents; antioxidants; chelating agents; buffers and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. A parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. The use of physiological saline is preferred, and an injectable pharmaceutical composition is preferably sterile.

For oral formulations, an immunogen or recombinant antibody described herein can be used alone or in combination with appropriate additives to make tablets, powders, granules or capsules, and if desired, with diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents, preservatives, coloring agents, and flavoring agents. An immunogen or recombinant antibody included in the compositions may be formulated for oral delivery with a buffering agent, flavoring agent, e.g., in a liquid, solid or semi-solid formulation and/or with an enteric coating.

A composition comprising any one of the immunogens or recombinant antibodies described herein may be formulated for sustained or slow release. Such compositions may generally be prepared using well known technology and administered by, for example, oral, rectal or subcutaneous implantation, or by implantation at the desired target site. Sustained-release formulations may contain the immunogen or recombinant antibody dispersed in a carrier matrix and/or contained within a reservoir surrounded by a rate controlling membrane. Excipients for use within such formulations are biocompatible, and may also be biodegradable; preferably the formulation provides a relatively constant level of active component release. The amount of active agent contained within a sustained release formulation depends upon the site of implantation, the rate and expected duration of release, and the nature of the condition to be treated or prevented.

For immunogenic compositions comprising a nucleic acid molecule, the nucleic acid molecule may be present within any of a variety of delivery systems known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including nucleic acid, and bacterial, viral and mammalian expression systems such as, for example, recombinant expression constructs as provided herein. Techniques for incorporating DNA into such expression systems are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The DNA may also be “naked,” as described, for example, in Ulmer et al., Science 259:1745-49, 1993 and reviewed by Cohen, Science 259:1691-1692, 1993. The uptake of naked DNA may be increased by coating the DNA onto biodegradable beads, which are efficiently transported into the cells.

Nucleic acid molecules may be delivered into a cell according to any one of several methods described in the art (see, e.g., Akhtar et al., Trends Cell Bio. 2:139 (1992); Delivery Strategies for Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapeutics, ed. Akhtar, 1995, Maurer et al., Mol. Membr. Biol. 16:129-40 (1999); Hofland and Huang, Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 137:165-92 (1999); Lee et al., ACS Symp. Ser. 752:184-92 (2000); U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,713; International Patent Application Publication No. WO 94/02595); Selbo et al., Int. J. Cancer 87:853-59 (2000); Selbo et al., Tumour Biol. 23:103-12 (2002); U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2001/0007666, and 2003/077829). Such delivery methods known to persons having skill in the art, include, but are not restricted to, encapsulation in liposomes, by iontophoresis, or by incorporation into other vehicles, such as biodegradable polymers; hydrogels; cyclodextrins (see, e.g., Gonzalez et al., Bioconjug. Chem. 10:1068-74 (1999); Wang et al., International Application Publication Nos. WO 03/47518 and WO 03/46185); poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) and PLCA microspheres (also useful for delivery of peptides and polypeptides and other substances) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,796; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/130430); biodegradable nanocapsules; and bioadhesive microspheres, or by proteinaceous vectors (International Application Publication No. WO 00/53722). In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules for use in evoking an immune response as described herein can also be formulated or complexed with polyethyleneimine and derivatives thereof, such as polyethyleneimine-polyethyleneglycol-N-acetylgalactosamine (PEI-PEG-GAL) or polyethyleneimine-polyethyleneglycol-tri-N-acetylgalactosamine (PEI-PEG-triGAL) derivatives (see also, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0077829).

Kits with unit doses of an immunogen or recombinant antibody described herein, usually in oral or injectable doses, are provided. Such kits may include a container containing the unit dose, an informational package insert describing the use and attendant benefits of the immunogen or antibody in treating pathological condition of interest, and optionally an appliance or device for delivery of the composition.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Effect of Murine P16Ink4A Polypeptide Immunization on Tumor Growth and Metastasis

Most senescent cells express the tumor suppressor protein p16INK4a on the cell surface, and expression is independent of cell type and senescence inducer (see, e.g., Ohtani et al., J. Med. Invest. 51:146-53 (2004); Campisi et al., Nat. Rev. Med. Cell Biol. 8:729-40 (2007)). To characterize an immune response specific for p16INK4a, groups of mice are immunized with isolated murine p16INK4a according to procedures practiced in the art, which include an initial immunization followed by at least one booster immunization with murine p16INK4a. The presence and titer of immune sera containing anti-murine p16INK4a antibodies are monitored by periodic bleeding of the animals, preparation of sera, and performance of an immunoassay to detect specific anti-murine p16KINK4a antibodies in the murine sera. Animals that develop an anti-murine p16INK4a immune response are then exposed to chemotherapy or radiation to induce p16INK4a-positive senescent cells. The presence of senescent cells expressing p16INK4a is determined.

Animals that have an anti-murine p16INK4a immune response and control animals are then engrafted with a tumor cell line. Size of tumor(s) and metastasis are monitored in the immunized animals and compared with control animals. Additional control animal groups include p16-3MR or INK-ATTAC animals in which senescent cells are eliminated by gancyclovir and AP20187, respectively, and which may be engrafted with the tumor cell line.

Transgenic p16-3MR mice were prepared as follows. The promoter, p16^(Ink4a), which is transcriptionally active in senescent cells but not in non-senescent cells (see, e.g., Wang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276:48655-61 (2001); Baker et al., Nature, supra) was engineered into a nucleic acid construct. A fragment of the p16^(Ink4a) gene promoter was introduced upstream of a nucleotide sequence encoding a trimodal reporter fusion protein. The trimodal reporter protein is termed 3MR and consists of renilla luciferase (rLUC), monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) and a truncated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (tTK) (see, e.g., Ray et al., Cancer Res. 64:1323-30 (2004)). Thus, the expression of 3MR is driven by the p16^(Ink4a) promoter in senescent cells only. The polypeptide sequences and the encoding polynucleotides for each of the three proteins are known in the art and are available in public databases, such as GenBank. The detectable markers, rLUC and mRFP permit detection of senescent cells by bioluminescence and fluorescence, respectively. The expression of tTK permits selective killing of senescent cells by exposure to the pro-drug ganciclovir (GCV), which is converted to a cytotoxic moiety by tTK. Transgenic founder animals, which have a C57B16 background, were established and bred using known procedures for introducing transgenes into animals (see, e.g., Baker et al., Nature, 479:232-36 (2011); Int'l Patent Application Publication No. WO/2012/177927).

INK-ATTAC (p16^(Ink4a) apoptosis through targeted activation of caspase) transgenic mice have an FK506-binding protein (FKBP)-caspase 8 (Casp8) fusion polypeptide under the control of the p16^(Ink4a) promoter (see, e.g., Baker et al., Nature, supra; Int'l Patent Application Publication No. WO/2012/177927). In the presence of AP20187, a synthetic drug that induces dimerization of a membrane bound myristoylated FKBP-Casp8 fusion protein, senescent cells specifically expressing the FKBP-Casp8 fusion protein via the p16^(Ink4a) promoter undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) (see, e.g., Baker, Nature, supra, FIG. 1 therein).

Senescent cells secret molecules that can cause inflammation (see, e.g., Freund et al., Trends Mol. Med. 16:238-46 (2010)), which, if chronic, will fuel various pathologies, including cancer (see, e.g., Davalos et al., Cancer Metastasis Rev. 29:273-83 (2010)), which is often referred to as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) as described herein. For example, IL-6 (interleukin-6) and MMP-3 (matrix metalloproteinase-3) are two prominent SASP components. Hence, in animals immunized with p16INK4a, RNA expression levels of various biomarkers associated with SASP are examined, including p16INK4a (p16), IL-6, and MMP-3. The level of expressed SASP components may also be monitored. In addition, the level of the mRFP reporter is measured.

Example 2 Effect of Human P16Ink4a Polypeptide Immunization On Tumor Growth and Metastasis

Murine p16INK4a and human p16INK4a share approximately 74% sequence identity. Groups of mice that are murine p16INK4a null mice and that are carrying the human p16INK4a gene are immunized with isolated human p16INK4a according to procedures practiced in the art, which include an initial immunization followed by at least one booster immunization with human p16INK4a. The human p16INK4a gene that is introduced into the animals may be under the control of the murine p16INK4a promoter. The presence and titer of immune sera containing anti-human p16INK4a antibodies are monitored by periodic bleeding of the animals, isolation of sera, and performance of an immunoassay to detect specific anti-human p16KINK4a antibodies in the sera. Animals that develop an anti-human p16INK4a immune response are then exposed to chemotherapy or radiation to induce p16INK4a-positive senescent cells. The presence of senescent cells expressing p16INK4a is determined. The presence and level of mRNA encoding SASP components is determined, and the level of expressed SASP components may also be monitored.

Animals that that have an anti-human p16INK4a immune response and control animals are then engrafted with a tumor cell line. Size of tumor(s) and metastasis are monitored in the immunized animals and compared with control animals. Additional control animal groups include p16-3MR or INK-ATTAC animals engrafted with the tumor cell line in which senescent cells are eliminated by gancyclovir and AP20187, respectively (see Example 1).

Example 3 Preparation of Antibodies that Specifically Bind to P161NK4A Polypeptide

Polyclonal antisera from mice immunized with murine p16INK4a as described in Example 1 and antisera from mice immunized with human p16INK4a are isolated. Mice are bled and the sera are separated from the blood cells. To obtain a greater volume of antisera, rabbits (such as New Zealand White) are immunized with isolated murine or human p16INK4a. The animals are bled to monitor titers before the first immunization (pre-bleed control) and after the first immunization and after each subsequent immunization. Antisera are collected. The antibodies in the sera may be purified by affinity chromatography methods according to methods and techniques routinely practiced in the art.

Example 4 Senescent Cell Associated Antigens

Polynucleotides comprising a nucleotide sequence that is important for establishing and/or maintaining senescence of a cell were identified. The GenBank accession numbers for these nucleotide sequences are provided in Table 2 (with product annotations) and in Table 2A. Polynucleotides comprising the nucleotide sequences that encode all or a portion of a senescent cell associated antigen that is important for cellular senescence (see Tables 2, 2A, and 3). The encoded polypeptides may be used as immunogens in the methods and compositions described herein. Certain polynucleotide sequences listed in Table 2A that encode a portion of a SCCAg are ESTs. The polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide comprising these sequences was determined by genome coordinates of the EST using UCSC Human Genome annotation database version 19 (see Internet at genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway (UCSC hg v19)) to identify unique transcripts in those coordinates. The transcripts were mapped to entrez gene identifiers and symbols. The EST coordinates were determined from the all_ests table in hg19. The code to map the refseq Ids was extended by using the refGene table or the kgXref table.

Examplary SCAAgs encoded by polynucleotides comprising the nucleotide sequences provided in Table 2 include but are not limited to ADAMTS7, APLP2, ATP6V0D2, BCHE, C11orf87, CD46, CYB5D2, FBXL7, GPR137B, IFI27L1, IL15RA, LAMP2, MYO10, NEU1, NHSL2, NPAS2, OR1F1, PEA15, RAB23, RARB, RNPC3, SELO, SELT, SEMASB, SERP1, SERPINE1, SLC9A7, SNX3, TBC1D1, TBRG1, TCEANC, TFPI, TNFAIP1, TUBG2, USP18, and ZNF419. Senescent cells in which expression of the each of these polypeptides was suppressed decreased viability of senescent cells. Methods for evoking an immune response specific for a senescent cell in a subject, wherein the immune response comprises clearance of the senescent cell by the immune system of the subject, comprises evoking an immune response to one or more of ADAMTS7, APLP2, ATP6V0D2, BCHE, C11orf87, CD46, CYB5D2, FBXL7, GPR137B, IFI27L1, IL15RA, LAMP2, MYO10, NEU1, NHSL2, NPAS2, OR1F1, PEA15, RAB23, RARB, RNPC3, SELO, SELT, SEMASB, SERP1, SERPINE1, SLC9A7, SNX3, TBC1D1, TBRG1, TCEANC, TFPI, TNFAIP1, TUBG2, USP18, and ZNF419. Certain polypeptides (e.g., CD46, LAMP2, NPAS2, TBRG1, TFPI, and C11orf87, and ZNF419) are represented more than once in the tables herein). Senescent cell associated antigens are also provided in Table 1.

Tables: Senescent Cell-Associated Antigens and Polynucleotide Sequences Encoding Senescent Cell-Associated Antigens

TABLE 1 SENESCENT CELL-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS Senescent Cell-Associated Antigens GI Reference Number Mutant beta-actin (ACTB) protein 28336 Beta actin (ACTB) 15277503 drug resistance-related protein LRP 1097308 major vault protein (MVP) 19913410 (see also GenBank Acc. No. NM_017458) thyroid hormone binding protein 339647 precursor prolyl 4-hydroxylase beta subunit 20070125 precursor, beta polypeptide (P4HB) chain A, human protein disulfide 159162689 isomerase (PDI) electron-transfer-flavoprotein, beta 4503609 (see also GenBank polypeptide (ETFB) Acc. No. NM_001985) ATP synthase, H+ transporting, 4757810 mitochondrial F complex, alpha subunit precursor cathepsin B (CTSB) 4503139 (see also GenBank Acc. No. NM_001908) Un-named product 1 35655 Un-named product 2 158257194 Un-named product 3 158259937

TABLE 2 GenBank No. Encoded Polypeptide AA004279 C6orf89 hypothetical protein LOC221477 AA012883 RSU1 ras suppressor protein 1 isoform 1 AA020826 CTSB cathepsin B preproprotein AA022510 APLP2 amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2 AA029155 unknown AA034012 RORA RAR-related orphan receptor A isoform b AA037766 TRNP1 TMF regulated nuclear protein AA043348 unknown AA044835 unknown AA044921 GEMIN8 gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 8 AA045247 FREQ frequenin homolog isoform 1 AA045527 AGBL5 ATP/GTP binding protein-like 5 isoform 1 AA056548 PARP14 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 14 AA081349 IVD isovaleryl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase isoform 1 AA083483 BEST1 bestrophin 1 isoform 1 AA088857 unknown AA088873 unknown AA099357 ABCA6 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A, member 6 AA102600 BET3L BET3 like AA115933 TRIM35 tripartite motif-containing 35 isoform 2 AA121673 unknown AA128261 SHBG sex hormone-binding globulin isoform 1 AA130982 C20orf3 chromosome 20 open reading frame 3 AA131041 IFIT2 interferon-induced protein with AA133285 unknown AA133962 C16orf72 hypothetical protein LOC29035 AA133989 IFNAR1 interferon-alpha receptor 1 precursor AA148534 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A AA149644 JAM3 junctional adhesion molecule 3 precursor AA149745 TRIM2 tripartite motif-containing 2 isoform 1 AA150242 ARID5B AT rich interactive domain 5B (MRF1-like) AA150460 unknown AA156605 unknown AA156721 ALCAM activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule AA156723 VAT1L vesicle amine transport protein 1 homolog (T. AA156754 unknown AA156961 ASCC3 activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit AA160474 unknown AA169752 YIPF5 Yip1 domain family, member 5 AA195009 TWSG1 twisted gastrulation precursor AA196034 unknown AA196245 EXT2 exostosin 2 isoform 1 AA203365 PIGV phosphatidylinositol glycan class V AA205660 unknown AA209239 ABHD6 abhydrolase domain containing 6 AA209487 CMBL carboxymethylenebutenolidase AA215738 unknown AA228366 ITGAV integrin alpha-V isoform 1 precursor AA243427 MDGA1 MAM domain containing AA279958 GOPC golgi associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif AA284248 ROR1 receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 AA284829 ZNF79 zinc finger protein 79 AA329676 unknown AA372349 FAM171B KIAA1946 AA393484 PLCB1 phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C beta 1 AA398658 DYX1C1 dyslexia susceptibility 1 candidate 1 isoform a AA398740 SMYD3 SET and MYND domain containing 3 AA401703 TMEM231 transmembrane protein 231 isoform 3 AA404269 PRICKLE1 prickle homolog 1 AA418028 unknown AA418074 unknown AA418816 MRAP2 melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 AA429615 ZNF419 zinc finger protein 419 isoform 1 AA432267 AK3 adenylate kinase 3 AA459699 ANKRD55 ankyrin repeat domain 55 isoform 1 AA461080 PPARA peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, AA476916 unknown AA481560 unknown AA482478 unknown AA482548 WDR26 WD repeat domain 26 isoform b AA496034 BAIAP2L1 BAI1-associated protein 2-like 1 AA496213 C14orf28 hypothetical protein LOC122525 AA514384 PHPT1 phosphohistidine phosphatase 1 isoform 2 AA514634 VPS53 vacuolar protein sorting 53 isoform 1 AA521080 unknown AA522514 SEL1L3 sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like 3 AA523543 MFSD3 major facilitator superfamily domain containing AA523733 CCDC132 coiled-coil domain containing 132 isoform a AA523958 KIAA1468 hypothetical protein LOC57614 AA524669 unknown AA526844 MYLK myosin light chain kinase isoform 1 AA532640 ZBTB47 zinc finger protein 651 AA532655 LOC100286793 AA534198 CHPF2 chondroitin polymerizing factor 2 AA535917 unknown AA543030 ASPH aspartate beta-hydroxylase isoform a AA545764 HBMSF1D5-REV Human Bone Marrow Stromal Fibroblast AA551075 KCTD12 potassium channel tetramerisation domain AA554833 MAP1B microtubule-associated protein 1B AA563621 HSPB6 heat shock protein, alpha-crystallin-related, AA565715 SPAG8 sperm associated antigen 8 isoform 2 AA565852 unknown AA572675 AFF3 AF4/FMR2 family, member 3 isoform 2 AA573452 EDNRA endothelin receptor type A isoform a precursor AA573523 EPB41L1 erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1-like 1 AA576961 PHLDA1 pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, AA582404 unknown AA583044 BMP2 bone morphogenetic protein 2 preproprotein AA594609 unknown AA599017 DOCK1 dedicator of cytokinesis 1 AA602532 TPP1 tripeptidyl-peptidase I preproprotein AA603472 unknown AA609053 ENPP5 ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase AA628051 STX12 syntaxin 12 AA628398 unknown AA629286 unknown AA631103 unknown AA631254 MAN1B1 alpha 1,2-mannosidase AA633992 C11orf87 hypothetical protein LOC399947 precursor (see also Table 3) AA634220 NFASC neurofascin isoform 1 precursor AA639752 DNAJC3 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 3 AA653300 ZKSCAN1 zinc finger protein 36 AA654142 CERCAM cerebral endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 AA675892 unknown AA678047 MMAA RecName: Full = Putative L-type amino acid transporter 1-like protein MMAA; AltName: Full = hLAT1 3-transmembrane protein MMAA; Short = hLAT1 3TM MMAA; AA678241 SCD stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 AA683481 CYBASC3 cytochrome b, ascorbate dependent 3 isoform 1 AA683501 SUMF1 sulfatase modifying factor 1 isoform 1 AA683602 MIR548N AA699809 MBNL1 muscleblind-like 1 isoform a AA702143 unknown AA703280 SERPINE2 plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, member 2 AA706658 unknown AA707125 UQCC basic FGF-repressed Zic binding protein isoform AA716107 SVEP1 polydom AA721252 ADAM23 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 23 preproprotein AA722799 DCBLD2 discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain containing 2 AA724665 unknown AA732007 ATP6V1G1 vacuolar H+ ATPase G1 AA736604 unknown AA747309 ZFP90 zinc finger protein 90 AA761181 TTTY14 AA767440 unknown AA768884 unknown AA778684 unknown AA805633 DCBLD2 discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain containing 2 AA806283 unknown AA806349 unknown AA810263 unknown AA810788 unknown AA811138 IFNAR1 interferon-alpha receptor 1 precursor AA811509 unknown AA812232 TXNIP thioredoxin interacting protein AA814140 REEP5 receptor accessory protein 5 AA815089 unknown AA827865 C17orf39 hypothetical protein LOC79018 AA827878 MALAT1 AA831438 MXD4 MAD4 AA831769 ULBP2 UL16 binding protein 2 precursor AA832474 unknown AA833832 unknown AA836340 unknown AA843132 LZTFL1 leucine zipper transcription factor-like 1 AA847654 TCEAL3 transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like 3 AA853175 SLC16A3 solute carrier family 16, member 3 AA861784 RUFY3 RUN and FYVE domain containing 3 isoform 1 AA872727 FDFT1 squalene synthase AA883074 NRBF2 nuclear receptor binding factor 2 AA886870 ANKRD37 ankyrin repeat domain 37 AA889628 ZNF219 zinc finger protein 219 AA889952 COL4A3BP alpha 3 type IV collagen binding protein isoform AA890010 SEC22B SEC22 vesicle trafficking protein homolog B AA897514 CPD carboxypeptidase D precursor AA902480 MDM2 mouse double minute 2 homolog isoform MDM2 AA904430 WDR69 WD repeat domain 69 AA907927 DTWD1 DTW domain containing 1 AA910945 PPARA peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, AA913146 PKP4 plakophilin 4 isoform a AA916831 UBE2H ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2H isoform 1 AA917672 ATP5L ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 AA917899 unknown AA927870 unknown AA928542 unknown AA933779 WIPI2 WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2 AA969194 SP110 SP110 nuclear body protein isoform c AA971753 BBS12 Bardet-Biedl syndrome 12 AA988241 RAB3A RAB3A, member RAS oncogene family AA988323 VEPH1 ventricular zone expressed PH domain homolog 1 AA993518 unknown AA995925 NFASC neurofascin isoform 1 precursor AB000888 SKIV2L2 superkiller viralicidic activity 2-like 2 AB002282 EDF1 endothelial differentiation-related factor 1 AB002301 MAST4 microtubule associated serine/threonine kinase AB002323 DYNC1H1 cytoplasmic dynein 1 heavy chain 1 AB002347 UBR2 ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin AB002354 PLEKHM1 pleckstrin homology domain containing, family M AB002365 unknown AB002391 HERC2P2 AB004574 DNASE2 deoxyribonuclease II, lysosomal precursor AB005043 SOCS1 suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 AB006756 PCDH7 protocadherin 7 isoform c precursor AB006757 PCDH7 protocadherin 7 isoform c precursor AB007457 P53TG1-C AB007458 P53TG1-D AB007875 KIAA0415 hypothetical protein LOC9907 AB007877 unknown AB007900 SIPA1L1 signal-induced proliferation-associated 1 like AB007923 unknown AB009598 glucuronyltransferase I AB011161 unknown AB014511 ATP9A ATPase, class II, type 9A AB014600 unknown AB015656 PDE5A phosphodiesterase 5A isoform 1 AB017269 TMEFF2 transmembrane protein with EGF-like and two AB017445 XRCC4 X-ray repair cross complementing protein 4 AB017498 Lipoprotein Receptor Related Protein 5 AB018283 unknown AB018322 TMCC1 transmembrane and coiled-coil domain family 1 AB018580 AKR1C3 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C3 AB019691 AKAP9 A-kinase anchor protein 9 isoform 3 AB020335 unknown AB020635 AHCYL2 S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase-like 2 isoform AB020645 GLS glutaminase precursor AB020657 IVNS1ABP influenza virus NS1A binding protein AB020663 DMXL2 Dmx-like 2 AB020712 SEC31A SEC31 homolog A isoform 1 AB020717 SYNJ1 synaptojanin 1 isoform b AB022663 RNF14 ring finger protein 14 isoform 1 AB022918 alpha2,3-sialyltransferase ST3Gal VI AB023147 C22orf9 hypothetical protein LOC23313 isoform a AB023179 unknown AB024518 IL33 interleukin 33 precursor AB024703 RNF11 ring finger protein 11 AB029040 DOPEY1 dopey family member 1 AB029290 MACF1 microfilament and actin filament cross-linker AB030655 EFEMP2 EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix AB030710 unknown AB032261 SCD stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 AB032987 unknown AB032996 FAM40B hypothetical protein LOC57464 isoform a AB033007 ERGIC1 endoplasmic reticulum-golgi intermediate AB033010 PNKD myofibrillogenesis regulator 1 isoform 1 AB033055 unknown AB033080 PIGB phosphatidylinositol glycan, class B AB033832 PDGFD platelet derived growth factor D isoform 2 AB034747 LITAF lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha factor AB036063 p53R2 ribonucleotide reductase AB037738 KCTD16 potassium channel tetramerisation domain AB037791 KIAA1370 hypothetical protein LOC56204 AB037813 unknown AB037823 unknown AB037853 KIAA1432 connexin 43-interacting protein 150 isoform a AB037925 NFKBIZ nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene AB039327 CASK calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein AB039947 XB51 X11L-binding protein 51 AB046692 hAO aldeyde oxidase AB046809 unknown AB046842 PPP4R4 HEAT-like repeat-containing protein isoform 1 AB046844 GPR107 G protein-coupled receptor 107 isoform 1 AB047360 SNX 3A sorting nexin 3A AB049654 MRPL36 mitochondrial ribosomal protein L36 precursor AB051486 EXOC4 SEC8 protein isoform a AB053318 NBEAL1 neurobeachin-like 1 isoform 3 AB053319 NBEAL1 neurobeachin-like 1 isoform 3 AB056106 ABI3BP ABI gene family, member 3 (NESH) binding protein AC004770 unknown AC004997 unknown AC005339 unknown AC007182 unknown AD000092 unknown AF001602 PON2 paraoxonase 2 isoform 2 AF003934 GDF15 growth differentiation factor 15 AF005774 CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform AF006516 ABI1 abl-interactor 1 isoform a AF007162 CRYAB crystallin, alpha B AF009616 CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform AF010314 ENC1 ectodermal-neural cortex (with BTB-like domain) AF010446 MHC class I related protein 1 isoform B (MR1B) AF011466 LPAR2 lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2 AF014403 SKIV2L2 superkiller viralicidic activity 2-like 2 AF015186 SFRS2 splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 2 AF017987 SFRP1 secreted frizzled-related protein 1 precursor AF019214 HBP1 HMG-box transcription factor 1 AF021834 TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor isoform a AF026071 TNFRSF25 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, AF029674 CREB3 cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 AF029750 tapasin (NGS-17) AF031469 MR1 major histocompatibility complex, class AF033026 PAPSS1 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase AF039217 INVS inversin isoform b AF039690 SDCCAG8 serologically defined colon cancer antigen 8 AF040704 TUSC4 tumor suppressor candidate 4 AF041459 CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform AF043732 PDE5A phosphodiesterase 5A isoform 1 AF043977 CLCA2 chloride channel accessory 2 precursor AF045451 NAB1 NGFI-A binding protein 1 AF047020 AMACR alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase isoform 1 AF047338 SLC12A4 solute carrier family 12, member 4 isoform a AF052059 SEL1L sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like precursor AF052094 EPAS1 endothelial PAS domain protein 1 AF052151 FAM89B family with sequence similarity 89, member B AF053453 TSPAN6 transmembrane 4 superfamily member 6 AF056322 SP100 nuclear antigen Sp100 isoform 1 AF060922 BNIP3L BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kD-interacting protein AF061731 ACIN1 apoptotic chromatin condensation inducer 1 AF061735 ATP5H ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 AF062483 SNX3 sorting nexin 3 isoform a AF063591 CD200 CD200 antigen isoform b AF064243 ITSN1 intersectin 1 isoform ITSN-1 AF064484 natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 non-IRE form (NRAMP2) AF064771 DGKA diacylglycerol kinase, alpha 80 kDa AF065214 PLA2G4C phospholipase A2, group IVC isoform 1 precursor AF065385 P2RX6 purinergic receptor P2X6 isoform 1 AF065854 unknown AF067286 TAPBP tapasin isoform 1 precursor AF070524 CNIH3 cornichon homolog 3 AF070569 C17orf91 hypothetical protein LOC84981 AF070571 unknown AF070596 DNAH3 dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 3 AF072098 TPT1 tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 AF073890 CTSZ cathepsin Z preproprotein AF078844 DDX42 DEAD box polypeptide 42 protein AF082283 BCL10 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10 AF083068 PARP3 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 3 AF086256 unknown AF086333 MOSPD1 motile sperm domain containing 1 AF087847 GABA-A receptor-associated protein like 1 (GABARAPL1) AF090891 TAX1BP1 Tax1 (human T-cell leukemia virus type I) AF092128 ITM2B integral membrane protein 2B AF092137 MIR548N AF094754 GLRB glycine receptor, beta isoform A precursor AF095727 MPZL1 myelin protein zero-like 1 isoform a AF095771 BBS9 parathyroid hormone-responsive B1 isoform 2 AF096296 thymic stroma chemokine-1 precursor AF096304 TM7SF2 transmembrane 7 superfamily member 2 AF097493 GLS glutaminase precursor AF098951 ABCG2 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G, member 2 AF101051 senescence-associated epithelial membrane protein (SEMP1) AF105974 HBA1 alpha 1 globin AF106069 deubiquitinating enzyme (UNPH4) AF109681 integrin alpha-11 subunit precursor (ITGA11) AF112216 CMPK1 UMP-CMP kinase 1 isoform a AF113211 unknown AF114488 intersectin short isoform (ITSN) AF115512 DNAJB9 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 9 AF116574 astrotactin2 (ASTN2) AF116616 SCD stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 AF116827 COG6 RecName: Full = Conserved oligomeric Golgi complex subunit 6; Short = COG complex subunit 6; AltName: Full = Component of oligomeric Golgi complex 6; AF118274 SLC45A1 DNB5 AF118887 VAV3 vav 3 guanine nucleotide exchange factor isoform AF119835 KITLG KIT ligand isoform b precursor AF119863 MEG3 Homo sapiens MEG3 mRNA, partial sequence, imprinted gene. AF121856 SNX6 sorting nexin 6 isoform b AF123758 CLN8 ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 8 AF123759 CLN8 ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 8 AF126782 DHRS7 dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 7 AF127481 AKAP13 A-kinase anchor protein 13 isoform 1 AF130089 C14orf45 hypothetical protein LOC80127 AF130090 NRIP1 nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 AF130104 unknown AF131743 LOC100302652 hypothetical protein LOC100302652 AF131747 ENDOD1 endonuclease domain containing 1 precursor AF131801 ATL1 atlastin GTPase 1 isoform b AF132203 SCD stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 AF133207 HSPB8 heat shock 22 kDa protein 8 AF133425 TSPAN1 tetraspan 1 AF134149 KCNK6 potassium channel, subfamily K, member 6 AF134715 TNFSF13B tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 13b AF135266 NUPR1 p8 protein isoform a AF135593 VPS41 vacuolar protein sorting 41 isoform 1 AF139131 CNTD1 cyclin N-terminal domain containing 1 AF144488 SPATA7 spermatogenesis-associated protein 7 isoform a AF151074 2-Mar membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 2 AF151810 STARD10 START domain containing 10 AF151861 CGI-103 protein AF153415 C9orf5 hypothetical protein LOC23731 AF153820 inwardly-rectifying potassium channel Kir2.1 (KCNJ2) AF155158 MCM7 minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 AF157324 RER1 RER1 retention in endoplasmic reticulum 1 AF158185 POLH DNA-directed DNA polymerase eta AF158555 GLS glutaminase precursor AF159570 RGS5 regulator of G-protein signalling 5 AF161526 TMBIM4 transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 4 AF162769 GLRX glutaredoxin (thioltransferase) AF164794 SERINC1 serine incorporator 1 AF165187 AGTRAP angiotensin II receptor-associated protein AF165520 phorbolin I protein (PBI) AF169312 ANGPTL4 angiopoietin-like 4 protein isoform a precursor AF169676 FLRT2 fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 2 AF172398 F11R F11 receptor precursor AF176518 FBXL2 F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 2 AF178532 aspartyl protease (BACE2) AF179281 IDS iduronate-2-sulfatase isoform a precursor AF180519 GABARAPL3 Homo sapiens GABA-A receptor-associated protein mRNA, complete cds. AF182273 CYP3A4 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, AF182414 TMBIM4 transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 4 AF183417 MAP1LC3B microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light AF183419 AK3 adenylate kinase 3 AF186773 DYRK3 dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation AF188298 DAB2 disabled homolog 2 AF197952 PRDX5 peroxiredoxin 5 isoform a precursor AF201370 MDM2 mouse double minute 2 homolog isoform MDM2 AF205218 IVNS1ABP influenza virus NS1A binding protein AF212995 CUL4B cullin 4B isoform 1 AF216292 HSPA5 heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 AF216962 CNNM2 cyclin M2 isoform 1 AF217974 ADAMTSL4 thrombospondin repeat containing 1 isoform 1 AF217990 HERPUD1 homocysteine-inducible, endoplasmic reticulum AF218365 Ets transcription factor TEL2E (TEL2) AF220026 TRIM5 tripartite motif protein TRIMS isoform alpha AF225981 calcium transport ATPase ATP2C1 (ATP2C1) AF228422 C15orf48 normal mucosa of esophagus specific 1 AF229179 Collectrin AF230398 TRIM23 ADP-ribosylation factor domain protein 1 isoform AF230411 PML promyelocytic leukemia protein isoform 2 AF230904 SH3KBP1 SH3-domain kinase binding protein 1 isoform a AF230924 CUTA cutA divalent cation tolerance homolog isoform AF232772 HAS3 hyaluronan synthase 3 isoform b AF232905 C1QTNF1 C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 1 AF237813 ABAT 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase precursor AF239756 MPZL1 myelin protein zero-like 1 isoform a AF240468 COPA coatomer protein complex, subunit alpha isoform AF246144 CCNDBP1 cyclin D-type binding-protein 1 isoform 1 AF247168 C1orf63 hypothetical protein LOC57035 AF248966 unknown AF250226 ADCY6 adenylate cyclase 6 isoform b AF251025 ZFYVE1 zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 1 isoform 1 AF251054 NDRG3 N-myc downstream regulated gene 3 isoform a AF257659 CALU calumenin isoform b precursor AF263293 SH3GLB1 SH3-containing protein SH3GLB1 AF267855 ERGIC1 endoplasmic reticulum-golgi intermediate AF267856 unknown AF274948 C20orf24 Homo sapiens putative Rab5-interacting protein mRNA, complete cds. AF276658 MAP1LC3A microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 AF278532 beta-netrin AF280094 SP110 SP110 nuclear body protein isoform c AF285119 PHPT1 phosphohistidine phosphatase 1 isoform 2 AF288208 B3GNT2 UDP-G1cNAc:betaGal AF288391 FAM129A niban protein isoform 2 AF295039 CABYR calcium-binding tyrosine AF302786 GNPTG N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase, gamma AF303378 TBRG1 transforming growth factor beta regulator 1 AF313413 C5orf62 putative small membrane protein NID67 AF315325 cytochrome P450 variant 3A7 (CYP3A7) AF316824 CENPP centromere protein P AF316873 PINK1 PTEN induced putative kinase 1 precursor AF325213 TSPAN10 tetraspanin 10 AF327923 TMEM120A transmembrane protein 120A AF329088 C4orf49 ovary-specific acidic protein AF330205 SCOC short coiled-coil protein isoform 4 AF348078 SUCNR1 succinate receptor 1 AF353618 RSPH3 radial spoke 3 homolog AF353992 TM2D3 TM2 domain containing 3 isoform a AF355465 ZMAT3 p53 target zinc finger protein isoform 1 AF356193 caspase recruitment domain protein 6 AF380356 XG XG glycoprotein isoform 2 precursor AF478446 NR1H4 nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 AF493931 RGS7 regulator of G-protein signaling 7 AF495383 ADAM9 Homo sapiens disintegrin/metalloproteinase domain 9 short protein precursor (ADAM9) mRNA, complete cds; alternatively spliced. AF513360 Enverin AF542051 SH3KBP1 SH3-domain kinase binding protein 1 isoform a (AFFX- HUMISGF3A)/ M97935_3 AFFX- HUMISGF3A/ M97935_5 AFFX- HUMISGF3A/ M97935_MA AFFX- HUMISGF3A/ M97935_MB AI003763 LMF1 lipase maturation factor 1 AI022882 PAM peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase AI023433 GALNT5 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 5 AI023774 LETM2 leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane AI038737 unknown AI040029 B4GALT7 xylosylprotein beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 AI040305 CDH11 cadherin 11, type 2 preproprotein AI040324 unknown AI041217 unknown AI051046 unknown AI051127 unknown AI052003 VPS13B vacuolar protein sorting 13B isoform 5 AI052103 C6orf170 hypothetical protein LOC221322 AI052536 SNX1 sorting nexin 1 isoform a AI056692 unknown AI074333 RALGPS1 Ral GEF with PH domain and SH3 binding motif 1 AI077660 unknown AI079540 YIF1B Yip1 interacting factor homolog B isoform 7 AI081779 SGSM3 small G protein signaling modulator 3 AI091079 unknown AI092511 DPP4 dipeptidylpeptidase IV AI092770 unknown AI092931 SERF2 small EDRK-rich factor 2 AI096389 MAST4 microtubule associated serine/threonine kinase AI096706 unknown AI097463 GALNTL1 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D- galactosamine:polypeptide AI110886 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A AI122754 STS steryl-sulfatase precursor AI123348 unknown AI125204 TMEM217 transmembrane protein 217 isoform 1 AI125670 unknown AI129626 DCLK1 doublecortin-like kinase 1 AI129628 unknown AI133137 C20orf108 hypothetical protein LOC116151 AI139993 LOC651250 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ33831 fis, clone CTONG2003937. AI147621 C10orf32 hypothetical protein LOC119032 AI150000 LAMP2 lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 isoform AI150117 TOPORS topoisomerase I binding, arginine/serine-rich AI160126 LOC728855 Homo sapiens mRNA, chromosome 1 specific transcript KIAA0493. AI160339 unknown AI160540 KLHDC8B kelch domain containing 8B AI167292 SYTL4 synaptotagmin-like 4 AI183997 RGS5 regulator of G-protein signalling 5 AI187364 unknown AI188104 unknown AI188161 FLRT2 fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 2 AI188389 TMEM9B TMEM9 domain family, member B precursor AI190413 unknown AI200538 unknown AI200555 unknown AI202327 CPEB2 cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding AI202969 OSBPL3 oxysterol-binding protein-like protein 3 isoform AI215102 RAB11A Ras-related protein Rab-11A AI218542 unknown AI222435 unknown AI223870 DNAJC21 DnaJ homology subfamily A member 5 isoform 1 AI224105 PLCB4 phospholipase C beta 4 isoform a AI243677 ARSK arylsulfatase K precursor AI247763 GALNT5 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 5 AI248598 LAMP1 lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 AI254547 PDLIM4 PDZ and LIM domain 4 isoform 1 AI261321 FAM82A1 family with sequence similarity 82, member A1 AI262560 CNPY3 trinucleotide repeat containing 5 precursor AI264121 PLXDC2 plexin domain containing 2 precursor AI268315 GFPT1 glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate AI270356 unknown AI275162 DLGAP1 discs large homolog-associated protein 1 isoform AI276880 ETNK1 ethanolamine kinase 1 isoform A AI278445 unknown AI279062 SLC22A15 solute carrier family 22, member 15 AI290475 RAB23 Ras-related protein Rab-23 AI291123 MEG3 Homo sapiens MEG3 mRNA, partial sequence, imprinted gene. AI291989 GBA2 bile acid beta-glucosidase AI307750 C5orf41 luman-recruiting factor AI307760 MRPS22 mitochondrial ribosomal protein S22 AI307802 ANKRD29 ankyrin repeat domain 29 AI312083 unknown AI313324 unknown AI332407 SFRP1 secreted frizzled-related protein 1 precursor AI333326 11-Sep septin 11 AI334015 ABCB5 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B, member 5 AI337304 GOPC golgi associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif AI341146 E2F7 E2F transcription factor 7 AI341234 unknown AI341246 TRAP1 TNF receptor-associated protein 1 precursor AI341602 C4orf48 hypothetical protein LOC401115 AI342246 unknown AI346026 PLEKHA1 pleckstrin homology domain containing, family A AI348009 unknown AI348094 unknown AI354864 GPC1 glypican 1 precursor AI356412 LYN Yamaguchi sarcoma viral (v-yes-1) oncogene AI359676 unknown AI361227 NFE2L1 nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 1 AI363270 TRIM38 tripartite motif-containing 38 AI369073 LOC283788 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ31053 fis, clone HSYRA2000640, highly similar to Homo sapiens FRG1 mRNA. AI373299 unknown AI374756 LOC400927 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ34950 fis, clone NT2RP7017284, highly similar to Casein kinase I isoform epsilon (EC 2.7.11.1). AI376997 C5orf44 hypothetical protein LOC80006 isoform 2 AI378035 unknown AI378788 DCBLD2 discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain containing 2 AI379338 ASAH1 N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1 isoform b AI380156 unknown AI382026 MUC12 SubName: Full = MUC12 protein; Flags: Fragment; AI391633 unknown AI393091 KIAA1632 hypothetical protein LOC57724 AI393706 unknown AI393725 unknown AI418538 FLJ44606 AI418892 TM9SF4 transmembrane 9 superfamily protein member 4 AI420817 unknown AI421559 RALGDS ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator AI422414 unknown AI431643 RRAS2 related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog 2 AI433463 MME membrane metallo-endopeptidase AI435399 unknown AI435514 unknown AI439556 TXNIP thioredoxin interacting protein AI446414 KITLG KIT ligand isoform b precursor AI446756 MALAT1 AI453452 ZNF654 zinc finger protein 654 AI457817 JAG1 jagged 1 precursor AI458439 unknown AI459140 unknown AI460037 NAPEPLD N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D AI469425 unknown AI472310 KCNRG potassium channel regulator isoform 2 AI472339 TMED4 transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain AI473891 unknown AI474054 DRAM2 transmembrane protein 77 AI475544 MALAT1 AI478147 ATP10D ATPase, class V, type 10D AI479082 GAS6 growth arrest-specific 6 isoform 1 precursor AI479419 unknown AI493587 ZFP106 zinc finger protein 106 homolog AI498144 C20orf194 hypothetical protein LOC25943 AI498395 unknown AI522053 unknown AI523391 unknown AI525212 APLP2 amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2 AI537887 STOM stomatin isoform a AI559300 SPATA18 spermatogenesis associated 18 homolog AI569974 unknown AI571796 SEC14L2 SEC14-like 2 isoform 1 AI582773 unknown AI613010 unknown AI623211 LOC645166 Homo sapiens cDNA, FLJ18771. AI625741 UBE2W ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2W (putative) AI631210 unknown AI632212 RNPC3 RNA-binding region (RNP1, RRM) containing 3 AI632728 unknown AI633503 GALNT5 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 5 AI633523 GNPTAB N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase AI634046 CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform AI634580 SYNPO2 synaptopodin 2 isoform c AI636233 TMEM8A transmembrane protein 8 (five membrane- spanning AI638405 MEG3 Homo sapiens MEG3 mRNA, partial sequence, imprinted gene. AI638420 CLIC4 chloride intracellular channel 4 AI638768 unknown AI638771 unknown AI650285 unknown AI650819 CUL4B cullin 4B isoform 1 AI651603 unknown AI651786 unknown AI652452 unknown AI652681 unknown AI653037 CSTF3 cleavage stimulation factor subunit 3 isoform 1 AI653117 unknown AI653327 unknown AI654636 unknown AI655057 RIT1 Ras-like without CAAX 1 AI655524 PAQR8 progestin and adipoQ receptor family member AI655763 NHLRC3 NHL repeat containing 3 isoform a AI656232 OTUB2 OTU domain, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 2 AI656481 unknown AI658662 SYNPO2 synaptopodin 2 isoform c AI659225 CASK calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein AI659456 USP9X ubiquitin specific protease 9, X-linked isoform AI659800 C13orf31 hypothetical protein LOC144811 AI668610 unknown AI668625 unknown AI669498 ZBTB4 zinc finger and BTB domain containing 4 AI670852 PTPRB protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, B AI671049 CCNE1 cyclin E1 isoform 1 AI671186 unknown AI672159 unknown AI672432 DUSP28 dual specificity phosphatase 28 AI674647 SPPL2A signal peptide peptidase-like 2A AI675453 PLXNA3 plexin A3 precursor AI675682 SLC2A12 solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose AI676022 ACCS 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase AI677701 RBM24 RNA binding motif protein 24 isoform 1 AI683805 unknown AI689225 unknown AI690274 PYROXD2 pyridine nucleotide-disulphide oxidoreductase AI693193 unknown AI693862 unknown AI694303 APBB2 amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding, AI700633 SERINC5 developmentally regulated protein TPO1 AI701428 GLRB glycine receptor, beta isoform A precursor AI703142 ZNF814 zinc finger protein 814 AI703496 unknown AI718223 PRDX5 peroxiredoxin 5 isoform a precursor AI719655 unknown AI732587 unknown AI733041 CTTNBP2NL CTTNBP2 N-terminal like AI733474 GPR155 G protein-coupled receptor 155 isoform 9 AI735261 DRAM2 transmembrane protein 77 AI738556 TNFRSF10D tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, AI738896 TNFAIP3 tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 AI740460 unknown AI740589 C22orf23 hypothetical protein LOC84645 AI741056 SELPLG selectin P ligand AI741110 ARSD arylsulfatase D isoform a precursor AI742029 unknown AI742434 unknown AI743115 NDUFA11 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha AI743534 ARHGAP24 Rho GTPase activating protein 24 isoform 1 AI743744 unknown AI743792 ST6GAL1 ST6 beta-galactosamide AI743979 unknown AI744658 TSPAN16 transmembrane 4 superfamily member 16 AI753143 unknown AI753792 RRAS2 related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog 2 AI754693 unknown AI760252 HAPLN1 hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 AI761250 unknown AI761561 HK2 hexokinase 2 AI761947 ARHGAP24 Rho GTPase activating protein 24 isoform 1 AI762782 IDUA alpha-L-iduronidase precursor AI765327 unknown AI768122 EIF4G3 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 AI783924 PLSCR3 phospholipid scramblase 3 AI793200 TRIM45 tripartite motif-containing 45 isoform 1 AI793340 unknown AI795908 PHLDA1 pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, AI795923 RHBDD1 rhomboid domain containing 1 AI796536 unknown AI797353 KIAA1324L hypothetical protein LOC222223 isoform 1 AI797678 unknown AI797684 RCN3 reticulocalbin 3, EF-hand calcium binding domain AI801013 HCCS holocytochrome c synthase AI803010 unknown AI803088 ADAMTSL1 ADAMTS-like 1 isoform 4 precursor AI803181 TMEM47 transmembrane protein 47 AI805050 RAB6B RAB6B, member RAS oncogene family AI805301 unknown AI806169 unknown AI806583 LYPLAL1 lysophospholipase-like 1 AI806674 HS2ST1 heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase 1 isoform AI806905 unknown AI806927 unknown AI807023 RAB8B RAB8B, member RAS oncogene family AI807532 EPHX4 abhydrolase domain containing 7 AI807917 CCDC149 coiled-coil domain containing 149 isoform 2 AI809404 unknown AI810266 unknown AI810572 PGPEP1 pyroglutamyl-peptidase I AI810669 unknown AI810767 unknown AI811298 OSR2 odd-skipped related 2 isoform a AI814116 LOC100130691 AI814274 SBSN suprabasin isoform 2 precursor AI814587 KIAA1715 Lunapark AI816071 FAM174A family with sequence similarity 174, member A AI816243 STX12 syntaxin 12 AI817448 LOC100130522 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ31742 fis, clone NT2RI2007214. AI819386 unknown AI821404 PAPSS2 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 2 AI821935 FBXL7 F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 7 AI823600 unknown AI823980 RBKS ribokinase AI824013 unknown AI825800 PDIA3 protein disulfide-isomerase A3 precursor AI825987 unknown AI828035 GLS glutaminase precursor AI829920 UBE2H ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2H isoform 1 AI830201 unknown AI832193 GNB1L guanine nucleotide binding protein AI859242 unknown AI860341 DLEC1 deleted in lung and esophageal cancer 1 isoform AI860764 XPO1 exportin 1 AI860874 WDR63 WD repeat domain 63 AI861942 LDLR low density lipoprotein receptor precursor AI862120 MAMDC2 MAM domain containing 2 precursor AI862255 ATP6V0E1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 9 kDa, V0 AI862559 ANGPTL6 angiopoietin-like 6 precursor AI867198 SLC5A3 solute carrier family 5 (inositol transporters), AI868167 EFHA2 EF-hand domain family, member A2 AI869717 SLC38A10 solute carrier family 38, member 10 isoform a AI870615 PDK2 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 precursor AI870617 unknown AI879064 unknown AI884858 TUSC3 tumor suppressor candidate 3 isoform a AI885170 C9orf16 hypothetical protein LOC79095 AI885178 MAPRE3 microtubule-associated protein, RP/EB family, AI886656 AQP11 aquaporin 11 AI888786 ZNF449 zinc finger protein 449 AI889160 CABLES1 Cdk5 and Abl enzyme substrate 1 isoform 2 AI889584 BOD1L biorientation of chromosomes in cell division AI890529 POLH DNA-directed DNA polymerase eta AI890761 unknown AI911687 CLN5 ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 5 AI911972 unknown AI912583 GLIPR1 GLI pathogenesis-related 1 precursor AI912976 RNU5E Homo sapiens RNA, U5E small nuclear (RNU5E), non-coding RNA. AI913533 LOC283267 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ30003 fis, clone 3NB691000113. AI913749 PLEKHH2 pleckstrin homology domain containing, family H AI915827 unknown AI916555 COPZ2 coatomer protein complex, subunit zeta 2 AI921238 CDC14B CDC14 homolog B isoform 3 AI921586 ALDOA fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A AI922855 CPE carboxypeptidase E preproprotein AI922968 MAST4 microtubule associated serine/threonine kinase AI923675 SLFN5 schlafen family member 5 AI924150 GLT25D1 glycosyltransferase 25 domain containing 1 AI924426 ELL2 elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2 AI927770 SEL1L sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like precursor AI928387 unknown AI929792 unknown AI932310 C14orf4 chromosome 14 open reading frame 4 AI933861 C11orf17 chromosome 11 open reading frame 17 AI934569 ASAH1 N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1 isoform b AI935115 TMEM188 transmembrane protein 188 AI935162 unknown AI935415 TAX1BP1 Tax1 (human T-cell leukemia virus type I) AI935917 PRKAA1 protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic AI936560 ARHGAP20 Rho GTPase activating protein 20 AI936769 unknown AI939544 unknown AI950273 MEG3 Homo sapiens MEG3 mRNA, partial sequence, imprinted gene. AI951454 SPR sepiapterin reductase AI952357 MDM2 mouse double minute 2 homolog isoform MDM2 AI955001 unknown AI955713 unknown AI961401 KLHL24 DRE1 protein AI962377 PPFIBP1 PTPRF interacting protein binding protein 1 AI970061 GPR155 G protein-coupled receptor 155 isoform 9 AI970289 MEG3 Homo sapiens MEG3 mRNA, partial sequence, imprinted gene. AI970972 unknown AI971519 DTWD1 DTW domain containing 1 AI982754 CLU clusterin isoform 2 AI983904 unknown AI984136 NENF neuron derived neurotrophic factor precursor AI989567 ST3GAL6 alpha2,3-sialyltransferase VI AI989799 unknown AI991033 HSPG2 heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 precursor AI992095 ZNF771 zinc finger protein 771 AI992283 TRAF4 TNF receptor-associated factor 4 AJ131212 RNASE7 ribonuclease, RNase A family, 7 precursor AJ227860 COTL1 coactosin-like 1 AJ243951 deafness locus associated putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor (DelGEF gene, splice variant DelGEF 2) AJ245600 DEPDC7 novel 58.3 KDA protein isoform 1 AJ251830 PERP PERP, TP53 apoptosis effector AJ252246 GRIK2 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 2 AJ276395 FN1 fibronectin 1 isoform 1 preproprotein AJ276888 MDM2 mouse double minute 2 homolog isoform MDM2 AJ301610 GRIK2 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 2 AJ406928 keratin associated protein 1.5 (KRTAP1.5 gene) AJ406929 keratin associated protein 2.1b (KRTAP2.1B gene) AJ406932 keratin associated protein 3.2 (KRTAP3.2 gene) AJ422148 LRRC25 leucine rich repeat containing 25 precursor AJ457063 high tyrosine glycine keratin associated protein 7.1(partial) (KRTAP7.1 gene) AK000162 ACSS2 acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 AK000168 KIAA1919 sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 AK000345 DHRS2 dehydrogenase/reductase member 2 isoform 2 AK000684 TMEM135 transmembrane protein 135 AK000778 NR3C2 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2 AK000826 RAB7A RAB7, member RAS oncogene family AK000938 ZNF691 zinc finger protein 691 AK001007 unknown AK001029 UBQLN2 ubiquilin 2 AK001619 PDE4DIP phosphodiesterase 4D interacting protein isoform AK001684 ATP2C1 calcium-transporting ATPase 2C1 isoform 1c AK001821 unknown AK001913 LOC100302652 hypothetical protein LOC100302652 AK002054 COBLL1 COBL-like 1 AK002207 SPG20 spartin AK021433 YIPF3 natural killer cell-specific antigen KLIP1 AK021539 DSEL dermatan sulfate epimerase-like AK021586 AGRN agrin precursor AK021925 SLC41A3 solute carrier family 41, member 3 isoform 1 AK022198 unknown AK022459 PIGB phosphatidylinositol glycan, class B AK022566 B4GALT7 xylosylprotein beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 AK022644 DBNDD1 dysbindin (dystrobrevin binding protein 1) AK022817 NAPB N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment AK022871 TOLLIP toll interacting protein AK022883 TMEM30A transmembrane protein 30A isoform 1 AK022885 C9orf16 hypothetical protein LOC79095 AK023113 RNF213 ring finger protein 213 AK023116 SP140L SP140 nuclear body protein-like AK023166 unknown AK023230 TTC23 tetratricopeptide repeat domain 23 AK023297 MOV10 Mov10, Moloney leukemia virus 10, homolog AK023343 unknown AK023348 GRN granulin precursor AK023679 DISP1 dispatched A AK023743 unknown AK023778 WDTC1 WD and tetratricopeptide repeats 1 AK023817 KIAA1632 hypothetical protein LOC57724 AK024029 MOAP1 modulator of apoptosis 1 AK024050 UBE2W ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2W (putative) AK024064 AK024256 CACHD1 cache domain containing 1 AK024446 ABCC10 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C, member 10 AK024712 CHSY3 chondroitin sulfate synthase 3 AK024724 LYPLA2 lysophospholipase II AK024845 RAB4B ras-related GTP-binding protein 4b AK024846 unknown AK024896 SLC5A3 solute carrier family 5 (inositol transporters), AK024898 unknown AK025063 FAM84A family with sequence similarity 84, member A AK025253 unknown AK025301 USP53 ubiquitin specific protease 53 AK025432 KIAA0564 hypothetical protein LOC23078 isoform a AK025464 TPRG1L tumor protein p63 regulated 1-like AK025608 C22orf9 hypothetical protein LOC23313 isoform a AK025872 unknown AK026026 unknown AK026106 TLL2 tolloid-like 2 precursor AK026195 unknown AK026392 unknown AK026498 CYP2U1 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily U, AK026577 ALDOA fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A AK026697 CDS1 CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1 AK026720 unknown AK026747 PION pigeon homolog AK026784 unknown AK026808 HERC4 hect domain and RLD 4 isoform a AK026921 unknown AK026966 unknown AK027151 LAMA4 laminin, alpha 4 isoform 2 precursor AK027199 unknown AK027246 SC5DL sterol-C5-desaturase AK054668 SLFN5 schlafen family member 5 AK075503 P4HB prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta subunit precursor AK075558 C1orf187 chromosome 1 open reading frame 187 precursor AK090412 unknown AK090434 unknown AK091691 unknown AK091716 LOC728190 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ34397 fis, clone HCHON2001110. AK091986 unknown AK092855 AP1G2 adaptor-related protein complex 1, gamma 2 AK095719 FLJ42709 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ38400 fis, clone FEBRA2008159. AK096921 unknown AK097618 C19orf51 hypothetical protein LOC352909 AK097652 unknown AK097997 LZTS2 leucine zipper, putative tumor suppressor 2 AK098058 MAPK12 mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 AK098125 unknown AK098337 unknown AK098354 PACS2 phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 AK098414 SNRK SNF related kinase AK098812 PVR poliovirus receptor isoform alpha AL008583 unknown AL021366 unknown AL022165 unknown AL031177 unknown AL031178 unknown AL031295 unknown AL031429 unknown AL031651 unknown AL031667 unknown AL034418 unknown AL034550 unknown AL035413 unknown AL035541 unknown AL037339 PTK2 PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2 isoform b AL038787 unknown AL039447 UBAP1 ubiquitin associated protein 1 AL039706 IFI27L1 interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27-like 1 AL039811 unknown AL039831 RAVER2 ribonucleoprotein, PTB-binding 2 AL040222 unknown AL040341 TTC14 tetratricopeptide repeat domain 14 isoform a AL041747 unknown AL042483 SPATA18 spermatogenesis associated 18 homolog AL044019 SNX29 sorting nexin 29 AL044056 MRVI1 JAW1-related protein isoform b AL044126 unknown AL044170 NBR1 neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 AL044570 unknown AL045717 ERO1LB endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1-Lbeta AL046017 FAM46C hypothetical protein LOC54855 AL046979 TNS1 tensin AL048423 unknown AL049226 FAM63B hypothetical protein LOC54629 isoform b AL049369 RCAN1 calcipressin 1 isoform b AL049548 unknown AL049646 unknown AL049699 unknown AL049709 unknown AL049923 OSBPL8 oxysterol-binding protein-like protein 8 isoform AL049933 GNAI1 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), AL049942 unknown AL050022 TCTN3 tectonic 3 isoform a precursor AL050069 DOK5 docking protein 5 AL050154 unknown AL050217 unknown AL050332 unknown AL050374 unknown AL050388 SOD2 manganese superoxide dismutase isoform A AL078596 unknown AL080081 unknown AL080214 IFFO1 intermediate filament family orphan isoform 4 AL080220 unknown AL096732 unknown AL096740 UBE3B ubiquitin protein ligase E3B AL109824 unknown AL110115 unknown AL110191 unknown AL110209 PLA2G15 lysophospholipase 3 (lysosomal phospholipase A2) AL117354 unknown AL117381 unknown AL117468 unknown AL117598 unknown AL118520 unknown AL118571 REEP3 receptor accessory protein 3 AL118843 LOC100286793 AL119957 DNAJC3 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 3 AL120021 KLHL24 DRE1 protein AL120354 ZNF654 zinc finger protein 654 AL121829 unknown AL121883 unknown AL132665 BNIP3L BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kD-interacting protein AL133001 SULF2 sulfatase 2 isoform b precursor AL133084 ERCC6 excision repair cross-complementing rodent AL133580 SCOC short coiled-coil protein isoform 4 AL134420 unknown AL134489 RPP38 ribonuclease P/MRP 38 subunit AL134724 LOC151162 Homo sapiens clone 24711 mRNA sequence. AL135342 ZNF561 zinc finger protein 561 AL136561 SGIP1 SH3-domain GRB2-like (endophilin) interacting AL136597 KLHL7 kelch-like 7 isoform 2 AL136629 TSPYL1 TSPY-like 1 AL136653 RASSF4 Ras association domain family 4 AL136658 C14orf1 ergosterol biosynthetic protein 28 AL136680 GBP3 guanylate binding protein 3 AL136693 CYBRD1 cytochrome b reductase 1 isoform 1 AL136733 UBAP1 ubiquitin associated protein 1 AL136797 AHI1 Abelson helper integration site 1 isoform a AL136807 SERP1 stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein AL136829 unknown AL136835 unknown AL136944 unknown AL137370 LMBRD2 LMBR1 domain containing 2 AL137432 SUSD1 sushi domain containing 1 precursor AL138104 KIAA1432 connexin 43-interacting protein 150 isoform a AL138349 PRUNE2 prune homolog 2 AL139228 unknown AL157430 unknown AL157437 unknown AL157473 KIAA1217 sickle tail isoform 1 AL157485 unknown AL161958 THY1 Thy-1 cell surface antigen preproprotein AL161999 CYFIP2 cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein 2 AL162047 NCOA4 nuclear receptor coactivator 4 isoform 1 AL162060 unknown AL353132 unknown AL354872 unknown AL355532 unknown AL355685 unknown AL355815 unknown AL357536 C20orf30 hypothetical protein LOC29058 isoform 1 AL359052 ITGBL1 integrin, beta-like 1 (with EGF-like repeat AL359601 ELMOD1 ELMO/CED-12 domain containing 1 isoform 1 AL359605 unknown AL359622 ANKRD34A ankyrin repeat domain 34 AL365347 unknown AL365404 GPR108 G protein-coupled receptor 108 isoform 2 AL389942 MIR146A unknown AL389956 FBXO32 F-box only protein 32 isoform 1 AL390186 unknown AL390216 STOX2 storkhead box 2 AL391688 unknown AL512687 NOMO1 nodal modulator 1 precursor AL512694 NADSYN1 NAD synthetase 1 AL512737 SLC22A23 solute carrier family 22, member 23 isoform b AL512766 FAM54B hypothetical protein LOC56181 isoform a AL513583 GM2A GM2 ganglioside activator precursor AL515318 SH3BGRL SH3 domain binding glutamic acid-rich protein AL515916 LMF1 lipase maturation factor 1 AL520200 ABHD14B abhydrolase domain containing 14B AL520774 MDH2 mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase precursor AL520900 TMEM219 transmembrane protein 219 AL522395 SHISA4 shisa homolog 4 precursor AL522667 C5orf32 hypothetical protein LOC84418 AL523076 MAP1B microtubule-associated protein 1B AL523860 unknown AL524093 unknown AL529434 unknown AL530264 CEP68 centrosomal protein 68 kDa AL533234 unknown AL535113 PLCB4 phospholipase C beta 4 isoform a AL536553 unknown AL537457 NEFL neurofilament, light polypeptide 68 kDa AL540260 PIK3IP1 HGFL protein isoform 1 AL547782 DHRSX dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) X-linked AL551046 HSPB6 heat shock protein, alpha-crystallin-related, AL552450 SYNPO2 synaptopodin 2 isoform c AL553774 KIAA1462 hypothetical protein LOC57608 AL555086 JAK1 janus kinase 1 AL560266 FCRLA Fc receptor-like and mucin-like 1 AL561930 PI4K2A phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 alpha AL562686 EXOC2 Sec5 protein AL564683 CEBPB CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta AL565238 C5orf41 luman-recruiting factor AL565449 TPT1 tumor protein, translationally-controlled 1 AL565741 C5orf30 hypothetical protein LOC90355 AL565767 CIRBP cold inducible RNA binding protein AL566172 ATP6V0D1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal, V0 subunit AL566528 NEFL neurofilament, light polypeptide 68 kDa AL567779 MCFD2 multiple coagulation factor deficiency 2 AL569506 FLJ43663 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ43663 fis, clone SYNOV4005989. AL569575 ANTXR1 anthrax toxin receptor 1 isoform 1 precursor AL569601 DKK3 dickkopf homolog 3 precursor AL570661 CD46 CD46 antigen, complement regulatory protein AL571375 SCD5 stearoyl-CoA desaturase 5 isoform a AL572206 C18orf32 hypothetical protein LOC497661 AL573201 ENDOD1 endonuclease domain containing 1 precursor AL573637 UXS1 UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase 1 AL573722 TMEM150A transmembrane protein 150A isoform 1 AL574319 PDK2 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 precursor AL583909 KIAA1539 hypothetical protein LOC80256 AL589603 SYNPO2 synaptopodin 2 isoform c AL832227 unknown AL833204 ABI3BP ABI gene family, member 3 (NESH) binding protein AL833762 unknown AU118882 EDNRA endothelin receptor type A isoform a precursor AU121431 FAM63B hypothetical protein LOC54629 isoform b AU134977 NEAT1 Human MEN1 region clone epsilon/beta mRNA, 3′ fragment. AU135154 ADAM10 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 precursor AU138166 STS steryl-sulfatase precursor AU143929 FANK1 fibronectin type III and ankyrin repeat domains AU144083 ARSD arylsulfatase D isoform a precursor AU144243 PIGB phosphatidylinositol glycan, class B AU144247 CLIP4 CAP-GLY domain containing linker protein family, AU145361 CBLB Cas-Br-M (murine) ecotropic retroviral AU145941 CDC14B CDC14 homolog B isoform 3 AU146771 SNX18 sorting nexin 18 isoform c AU150078 unknown AU150319 TAPBPL TAP binding protein-like precursor AU151560 unknown AU152410 C15orf17 hypothetical protein LOC57184 AU153366 IKBKB inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase beta AU153583 unknown AU154125 SEC22B SEC22 vesicle trafficking protein homolog B AU154469 SLC11A2 solute carrier family 11 (proton-coupled AU155376 unknown AU156421 unknown AU156721 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A AU157541 OBFC2A oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold AU157716 unknown AU160004 IGF2BP3 insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding AU160685 GPR180 G protein-coupled receptor 180 precursor AV648367 TMEM66 transmembrane protein 66 precursor AV661099 NF1 neurofibromin isoform 1 AV661152 UGP2 UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 isoform a AV681975 unknown AV682252 GLIPR1 GLI pathogenesis-related 1 precursor AV682567 KTELC1 KTEL (Lys-Tyr-Glu-Leu) containing 1 precursor AV691323 UGT1A7 UDP glycosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A7 AV692127 GALNT1 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 AV693216 PLXNB1 plexin B1 precursor AV694039 LOC90110 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp564O2364 (from clone DKFZp564O2364). AV696976 LYNX1 Ly-6 neurotoxin-like protein 1 isoform a AV697515 RDH10 retinol dehydrogenase 10 AV700174 C14orf182 hypothetical protein LOC283551 AV700323 unknown AV700415 unknown AV700514 CLN5 ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 5 AV700626 unknown AV701177 ARRDC4 arrestin domain containing 4 AV701283 unknown AV701750 unknown AV702575 unknown AV703259 IDS iduronate-2-sulfatase isoform a precursor AV703555 unknown AV704551 COMMD6 COMM domain containing 6 isoform a AV704962 SC4MOL sterol-C4-methyl oxidase-like isoform 1 AV705559 LPIN1 lipin 1 AV707142 unknown AV708945 CATSPER2 sperm-associated cation channel 2 isoform 2 AV712413 unknown AV712912 TMEM167B transmembrane protein 167B precursor AV713913 unknown AV714268 PLA2G12A phospholipase A2, group XIIA precursor AV714462 unknown AV717561 ATP6V0E1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 9 kDa, V0 AV722628 unknown AV722990 PCDHB15 protocadherin beta 15 precursor AV723308 NTNG1 netrin G1 isoform 1 AV724329 PGM2L1 phosphoglucomutase 2-like 1 AV725328 PRNP prion protein preproprotein AV725364 IQCK IQ motif containing K AV728606 PDCD4 programmed cell death 4 isoform 2 AV734793 ZDBF2 zinc finger, DBF-type containing 2 AV734843 unknown AV741657 LUZP1 leucine zipper protein 1 AV751731 TOM1L2 target of myb1-like 2 isoform 3 AV756141 CSF2RB colony stimulating factor 2 receptor, beta AV756532 MTCH2 mitochondrial carrier 2 AV757675 OPTN optineurin AV758342 LOC100131801 AV760596 MED31 mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription, AV762892 SNHG9 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp686N06141 (from clone DKFZp686N06141). AW000928 NPAS2 neuronal PAS domain protein 2 AW001777 unknown AW001847 APLP2 amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2 AW003508 C3orf23 hypothetical protein LOC285343 isoform 1 AW003889 unknown AW004076 unknown AW005237 unknown AW005535 RAP2B RAP2B, member of RAS oncogene family precursor AW005545 unknown AW006123 FBXO32 F-box only protein 32 isoform 1 AW006185 unknown AW006345 SSR1 signal sequence receptor, alpha precursor AW006750 KLHL24 DRE1 protein AW007289 ADAMTS7 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 AW008051 AGRN agrin precursor AW008976 SNX25 sorting nexin 25 AW009436 FDPS farnesyl diphosphate synthase isoform a AW009747 SYNPO2 synaptopodin 2 isoform c AW015537 ZNF469 zinc finger protein 469 AW021673 unknown AW024350 unknown AW026241 unknown AW028100 MTMR7 myotubularin related protein 7 AW029619 CKAP4 cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 AW043602 unknown AW043859 unknown AW050627 ADAP1 centaurin, alpha 1 AW051365 SLC35E1 solute carrier family 35, member E1 AW052044 HSPA5 heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 AW052084 unknown AW052179 COL4A5 type IV collagen alpha 5 isoform 2 precursor AW058459 TMEM171 transmembrane protein 171 isoform 2 AW071793 MXD1 MAX dimerization protein 1 AW080618 unknown AW080999 NR3C2 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2 AW086021 unknown AW089415 SFRP4 secreted frizzled-related protein 4 precursor AW090182 TMEM79 transmembrane protein 79 AW090529 MOXD1 monooxygenase, DBH-like 1 isoform 2 AW102637 NFASC neurofascin isoform 1 precursor AW105337 unknown AW118878 SVIL supervillin isoform 2 AW129145 POLI DNA polymerase iota AW130600 unknown AW131553 unknown AW134492 unknown AW135176 CCDC146 coiled-coil domain containing 146 AW136198 unknown AW138767 ELOVL7 elongation of very long chain fatty acids-like AW139131 DLG1 discs, large homolog 1 isoform 1 AW139393 unknown AW139538 unknown AW149492 GOSR2 golgi SNAP receptor complex member 2 isoform B AW150720 RDH10 retinol dehydrogenase 10 AW150953 DHCR7 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase AW151360 unknown AW157619 CES2 carboxylesterase 2 isoform 2 AW166562 unknown AW167727 unknown AW167793 GNS glucosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase precursor AW168154 ZBTB1 zinc finger and BTB domain containing 1 isoform AW168942 unknown AW169973 METTL8 methyltransferase like 8 AW170015 PLCXD2 phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, X AW172311 unknown AW173623 SERINC3 tumor differentially expressed protein 1 AW182938 MCART6 mitochondrial carrier triple repeat 6 AW183074 SDHC succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C AW188464 USP53 ubiquitin specific protease 53 AW189467 unknown AW190479 unknown AW190565 LOXL4 lysyl oxidase-like 4 precursor AW193531 CDK6 cyclin-dependent kinase 6 AW194730 STK17A serine/threonine kinase 17a AW194947 ENPP4 ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase AW195071 unknown AW195928 SMURF2 SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 AW204088 unknown AW205616 unknown AW205686 unknown AW206037 unknown AW206234 FLJ42709 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ38400 fis, clone FEBRA2008159. AW206414 unknown AW206419 unknown AW235061 SLC1A1 solute carrier family 1, member 1 AW236958 ASAP1 development and differentiation enhancing factor AW237258 APH1B presenilin stabilization factor-like isoform 1 AW241549 unknown AW241832 ATXN10 ataxin 10 AW242315 PTGER3 Homo sapiens PTGER3 mRNA for prostaglandin E receotor EP3 subtype 3 isoform, partial cds, clone: FLJ80357SAAF. AW242973 RAB4B ras-related GTP-binding protein 4b AW245401 unknown AW264036 BCL6 B-cell lymphoma 6 protein isoform 1 AW264082 FAM110B hypothetical protein LOC90362 AW268365 ERO1L ERO1-like precursor AW268719 unknown AW269686 RAP2B RAP2B, member of RAS oncogene family precursor AW270037 unknown AW270170 unknown AW271409 DCBLD1 discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain containing 1 AW272255 unknown AW273796 unknown AW274503 unknown AW274856 SAP18 Sin3A-associated protein, 18 kDa AW275049 unknown AW276078 LOC387763 hypothetical protein LOC387763 AW290940 unknown AW291402 unknown AW291696 TBRG1 transforming growth factor beta regulator 1 AW293849 unknown AW294630 unknown AW294729 GRIA3 glutamate receptor, ionotrophic, AMPA 3 isoform AW294765 FBXO22 F-box only protein 22 isoform a AW296788 MAP1A microtubule-associated protein 1A AW299226 CD36 CD36 antigen AW299245 CEP290 centrosomal protein 290 kDa AW299452 unknown AW300004 unknown AW300140 ZNF599 zinc finger protein 599 AW300953 unknown AW300959 MMAA RecName: Full = Putative L-type amino acid transporter 1-like protein MMAA; AltName: Full = hLAT1 3-transmembrane protein MMAA; Short = hLAT1 3TM MMAA; AW301861 MAT2A methionine adenosyltransferase II, alpha AW303865 PYGB brain glycogen phosphorylase AW304174 SPATA1 spermatogenesis associated 1 AW338089 MED31 mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription, AW339310 DTNA dystrobrevin alpha isoform 2 AW340588 unknown AW341649 unknown AW364693 CCDC30 coiled-coil domain containing 30 AW392551 unknown AW411259 unknown AW418882 UST uronyl-2-sulfotransferase AW439843 LOC285550 hypothetical protein LOC285550 AW449728 GPR155 G protein-coupled receptor 155 isoform 9 AW449754 LYNX1 Ly-6 neurotoxin-like protein 1 isoform a AW450035 NAV2 neuron navigator 2 isoform 1 AW452022 ODF2L outer dense fiber of sperm tails 2-like isoform AW452620 LYSMD4 LysM, putative peptidoglycan-binding, domain AW452656 unknown AW452681 unknown AW468201 B3GNTL1 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal AW469351 CLVS1 AW469523 DGAT2 diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 AW469790 unknown AW471181 unknown AW511227 MIB2 mindbomb homolog 2 AW511319 unknown AW511595 unknown AW513227 ZNF285A zinc finger protein 285 AW513612 CPXM2 carboxypeptidase X (M14 family), member 2 AW514038 unknown AW514401 SEPW1 selenoprotein W, 1 AW515704 SCYL1 SCY1-like 1 isoform A AW516297 unknown AW517464 ORAI3 ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator AW517686 ATP2B4 plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4 isoform 4a AW518714 unknown AW571715 DDX49 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 49 AW575245 FCRLA Fc receptor-like and mucin-like 1 AW575493 GRAMD3 GRAM domain containing 3 isoform 2 AW575737 unknown AW576457 unknown AW591809 unknown AW593996 3-Mar membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 3 AW611550 unknown AW612657 LYPLAL1 lysophospholipase-like 1 AW628045 CXorf23 hypothetical protein LOC256643 AW628835 unknown AW629527 TPRG1 tumor protein p63 regulated 1 AW665086 unknown AW665155 POLH DNA-directed DNA polymerase eta AW665748 unknown AW665758 Unknown AW665892 Unknown AW771007 ZNF862 SubName: Full = Putative uncharacterized protein ENSP00000353120; AW771190 unknown AW771590 RHOQ ras-like protein TC10 precursor AW779916 Unknown AW850158 ADAM19 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 19 preproprotein AW954107 MAN2B2 mannosidase, alpha, class 2B, member 2 AW955612 FBN1 fibrillin 1 precursor AW958475 RPS27L ribosomal protein S27-like AW960707 Unknown AW962850 SLFN5 schlafen family member 5 AW963328 Unknown AW970888 Unknown AW975183 Unknown AW978375 OSBPL8 oxysterol-binding protein-like protein 8 isoform AW979182 Unknown AW979271 PDE4D phosphodiesterase 4D isoform 2 AY007239 MOXD1 monooxygenase, DBH-like 1 isoform 2 AY008268 GTP-binding protein SAR1 (SAR1) AY008372 oxysterol binding protein-related protein 3 (ORP3) AY009128 ISCU iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme isoform AY014180 SMURF2 SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 AY028632 CAT catalase AY079172 ATP6V0D2 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 38 kDa, V0 AY090780 Unknown AY099509 C3orf34 hypothetical protein LOC84984 AY134855 smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 11 isoform SM1-like protein AY185496 SERPINA9 serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade BC000019 CDH6 cadherin 6, type 2 preproprotein BC000027 TMED3 transmembrane emp24 domain containing 3 BC000102 COL4A3BP alpha 3 type IV collagen binding protein isoform BC000182 ANXA4 annexin IV BC000196 CCNG1 cyclin G1 BC000232 receptor accessory protein 5 BC000296 OSBPL2 oxysterol-binding protein-like protein 2 isoform BC000314 RTN1 reticulon 1 isoform A BC000324 Granulin BC000351 PCYT2 phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2, ethanolamine BC000353 MYOD1 myogenic differentiation 1 BC000373 APLP2 amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2 BC000419 TXNRD2 thioredoxin reductase 2 precursor BC000474 TP53I3 tumor protein p53 inducible protein 3 BC000580 P4HTM hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase BC000596 RPL23AP7 Homo sapiens ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 7, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE: 3346366). BC000638 ORM1-like 3 BC000686 EPDR1 ependymin related protein 1 precursor BC000687 TRAM1 translocation associated membrane protein 1 BC000704 TSPAN3 transmembrane 4 superfamily member 8 isoform 1 BC000737 RGS4 regulator of G-protein signaling 4 isoform 1 BC000836 YPEL5 yippee-like 5 BC000856 Unknown BC000899 BET1 blocked early in transport 1 BC000905 RAB1A RAB1A, member RAS oncogene family isoform 1 BC000961 degenerative spermatocyte homolog 1, lipid desaturase (Drosophila) BC001001 VPS8 vacuolar protein sorting 8 homolog isoform b BC001099 SELO selenoprotein O BC001207 MAGED4 melanoma antigen family D, 4 BC001255 NCBP2 nuclear cap binding protein subunit 2, 20 kDa BC001281 TNFRSF10B tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, BC001364 SEC22B SEC22 vesicle trafficking protein homolog B BC001387 PLA2G16 HRAS-like suppressor 3 BC001467 ADI1 acireductone dioxygenase 1 BC001595 NT5C2 5′-nucleotidase, cytosolic II BC001689 SLC25A20 carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase BC001727 ANKRD10 ankyrin repeat domain 10 BC001745 D4S234E brain neuron cytoplasmic protein 1 BC001805 Unknown BC001867 ATPIF1 ATPase inhibitory factor 1 isoform 2 precursor BC001875 MFI2 Homo sapiens, clone IMAGE: 4858804, mRNA. BC002480 SRD5A3 steroid 5 alpha-reductase 3 BC002510 RAB6B RAB6B, member RAS oncogene family BC002571 ABHD14A abhydrolase domain containing 14A BC002637 TRIB2 tribbles homolog 2 BC002660 TMOD1 tropomodulin 1 BC002704 STAT1 signal transducer and activator of transcription BC002709 Unknown BC002713 MXD4 MAD4 BC002752 Unknown BC002794 TNFRSF14 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, BC002842 HIST1H2BD histone cluster 1, H2bd BC003064 DAB2 disabled homolog 2 BC003096 PDLIM4 PDZ and LIM domain 4 isoform 1 BC003128 ZDHHC9 zinc finger, DHHC domain containing 9 BC003143 dual specificity phosphatase 6 BC003164 MBOAT7 membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain BC003170 UBAP2L ubiquitin associated protein 2-like isoform a BC003177 CALCOCO1 coiled-coil transcriptional coactivator isoform BC003358 RPL10 ribosomal protein L10 BC003503 RNA binding motif protein 4B BC003561 AP1S1 adaptor-related protein complex 1, sigma 1 BC003564 ATP6V1G1 vacuolar H+ ATPase G1 BC003602 H2AFJ Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ10903 fis, clone OVARC1000006, highly similar to HISTONE H2A.1. BC003610 milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein BC003614 DAPK1 death-associated protein kinase 1 BC003637 DDIT3 DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3 BC003658 SAR1A SAR1a gene homolog 1 BC003660 DPH5 diphthine synthase isoform b BC003667 RPS27L ribosomal protein S27-like BC003686 SNAP23 synaptosomal-associated protein 23 isoform BC004108 immunoglobulin superfamily, member 8 BC004130 CALCOCO2 calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2 BC004153 GPR62 G protein-coupled receptor 62 BC004162 PPARA peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, BC004180 keratin associated protein 4-12 BC004191 dynactin 5 (p25) BC004241 LAMA4 laminin, alpha 4 isoform 2 precursor BC004269 FAM167B hypothetical protein LOC84734 BC004276 TMEM8A transmembrane protein 8 (five membrane- spanning BC004283 AHNAK2 AHNAK nucleoprotein 2 BC004331 HSDL2 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 2 BC004371 APLP2 amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2 BC004395 APOL2 apolipoprotein L2 BC004443 ATP6V1E1 vacuolar H+ ATPase E1 isoform a BC004446 C20orf24 Homo sapiens putative Rab5-interacting protein mRNA, complete cds. BC004535 ZDHHC16 Abl-philin 2 isoform 1 BC004566 MRPS21 mitochondrial ribosomal protein S21 BC004818 Unknown BC004911 BSCL2 seipin isoform 1 BC004936 SCD5 stearoyl-CoA desaturase 5 isoform a BC004942 PGPEP1 pyroglutamyl-peptidase I BC004948 LRRC41 MUF1 protein BC005009 yippee-like 3 (Drosophila) BC005047 DUSP6 dual specificity phosphatase 6 isoform a BC005050 NICN1 nicolin 1 BC005056 DNAJC30 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog subfamily C member 30 BC005073 CYHR1 cysteine/histidine-rich 1 isoform 1 BC005078 coiled-coil domain containing 93 BC005127 PLIN2 adipose differentiation-related protein BC005147 FKBP1A FK506 binding protein 1A, 12 kDa BC005193 UFM1 ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 precursor BC005247 C10orf110 Homo sapiens uncharacterized hypothalamus protein HT009 mRNA, complete cds. BC005259 XRCC4 X-ray repair cross complementing protein 4 BC005334 CETN2 caltractin BC005374 ERP44 thioredoxin domain containing 4 (endoplasmic BC005807 SCD stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 BC005810 CLEC11A stem cell growth factor precursor BC005876 ATP6V0B ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 21 kDa, V0 BC005884 Unknown BC005896 HYAL3 hyaluronoglucosaminidase 3 precursor BC005903 POLR2L DNA directed RNA polymerase II polypeptide L BC005924 PSG3 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 3 BC005931 hemoglobin, alpha 1 BC005980 UBE2D1 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 1 BC006088 SERINC3 tumor differentially expressed protein 1 BC006110 C7orf70 hypothetical protein LOC84792 BC006163 dynactin 1 (p150, glued homolog, Drosophila) BC006164 Unknown BC006211 SDF4 stromal cell derived factor 4 isoform 2 BC006249 GUK1 guanylate kinase 1 isoform b BC006270 Unknown BC006279 ZNF627 zinc finger protein 627 BC006362 PPAPDC3 phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 domain BC006373 SRD5A1 steroid-5-alpha-reductase 1 BC006374 ROR1 receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 BC006405 TXNDC17 thioredoxin-like 5 BC006422 PFKL RecName: Full = 6-phosphofructokinase, liver type; EC = 2.7.1.11; AltName: Full = Phosphofructokinase 1; AltName: Full = Phosphohexokinase; AltName: Full = Phosphofructo-1-kinase isozyme B; Short = PFK-B; BC008034 CUEDC1 CUE domain-containing 1 BC008300 PCNXL2 pecanex-like 2 BC008410 PMS1 postmeiotic segregation 1 isoform a BC008745 CRTAP cartilage associated protein precursor BC008992 docking protein 5 BC009735 Unknown BC010024 HKR1 GLI-Kruppel family member HKR1 BC010942 ACAT1 acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1 precursor BC011002 Unknown BC012344 ZNF333 zinc finger protein 333 BC012846 IDH1 isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble BC013633 Unknown BC014207 ELMO2 engulfment and cell motility 2 BC014579 AKR1C1 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C1 BC014974 YIF1B Yip1 interacting factor homolog B isoform 7 BC015232 transmembrane protein 136 BC015390 hypothetical protein LOC644242 BC015429 Unknown BC015449 Unknown BC016291 Unknown BC016828 ASAH1 N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1 isoform b BC017771 CCDC90B coiled-coil domain containing 90B precursor BC017927 ERAP2 endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 BC018336 HSD11B1L short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 10 isoform BC018681 NDST2 heparan glucosaminyl BC018756 MOXD1 monooxygenase, DBH-like 1 isoform 2 BC019064 FAM40B hypothetical protein LOC57464 isoform a BC020925 SLC38A10 solute carrier family 38, member 10 isoform a BC021286 C1orf187 chromosome 1 open reading frame 187 precursor BC021680 C5orf46 hypothetical protein LOC389336 precursor BC021861 LOC554202 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ42400 fis, clone ASTRO2003581. BC022066 ARMCX5 armadillo repeat containing, X-linked 5 BC022487 GCLC glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit BC022967 DCAF5 WD repeat domain 22 BC025250 METTL8 methyltransferase like 8 BC028703 LASS3 LAG1 longevity assurance homolog 3 BC029051 ARSB arylsulfatase B isoform 1 precursor BC029442 Unknown BC029828 B4GALNT1 beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 1 BC030005 MCTP1 multiple C2 domains, transmembrane 1 isoform L BC030130 WFS1 wolframin BC031620 SNX19 sorting nexin 19 BC031811 Unknown BC032004 GRIA3 glutamate receptor, ionotrophic, AMPA 3 isoform BC032406 WDR78 WD repeat domain 78 isoform 1 BC033311 HAS1 hyaluronan synthase 1 BC033513 TEX261 testis expressed sequence 261 BC033663 LAMA3 laminin alpha 3 subunit isoform 1 BC034236 hypothetical protein MGC39821 BC034248 NBR2 Homo sapiens cDNA, FLJ17910. BC034275 ASPHD1 aspartate beta-hydroxylase domain containing 1 BC035749 C13orf31 hypothetical protein LOC144811 BC036225 coiled-coil domain containing 147 BC036405 KIAA1908 Homo sapiens mRNA for KIAA1908 protein, partial cds. BC036453 PHYHIPL phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase interacting BC037317 KIAA1107 hypothetical protein LOC23285 BC037359 ZNF846 zinc finger protein 846 BC039509 hypothetical protein LOC340109 BC040924 SYT16 synaptotagmin XIV-like BC040952 PIK3C2A phosphoinositide-3-kinase, class 2 alpha BC040965 RORA RAR-related orphan receptor A isoform b BC041127 ALCAM activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule BC041355 C3orf52 TPA-induced transmembrane protein BC041482 Unknown BC041664 BEST1 bestrophin 1 isoform 1 BC042510 CEL carboxyl ester lipase precursor BC042953 Unknown BC043411 Unknown BE042976 PIK3IP1 HGFL protein isoform 1 BE043477 ATP6V0E1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 9 kDa, V0 BE044272 DYNLL1 dynein light chain 1 BE044480 CYB5D2 cytochrome b5 domain containing 2 BE045549 MIB2 mindbomb homolog 2 BE046443 CYLD ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase CYLD BE048525 Unknown BE048919 Unknown BE092211 CHID1 chitinase domain containing 1 isoform b BE138888 Unknown BE147896 VPS53 vacuolar protein sorting 53 isoform 1 BE217875 Unknown BE219277 HDAC11 histone deacetylase 11 isoform 1 BE220330 C7orf46 hypothetical protein LOC340277 isoform 1 BE221817 Unknown BE222746 DUSP22 dual specificity phosphatase 22 BE251303 Unknown BE262551 APC2 adenomatosis polyposis coli 2 BE271644 CDH23 cadherin-like 23 isoform 1 precursor BE301252 FLJ23867 SubName: Full = cDNA FLJ23867 fis, clone LNG09729; BE302191 STK38L serine/threonine kinase 38 like BE326919 SAT1 Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB8373, Homo sapiens SAT1 gene for spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1, without stop codon, in Flexi system. BE328850 TLCD1 TLC domain containing 1 isoform 2 BE348597 C3orf58 hypothetical protein LOC205428 isoform a BE348679 NHSL2 NHS-like 2 BE349022 SUMF2 sulfatase modifying factor 2 isoform b BE349147 CPD carboxypeptidase D precursor BE379006 CD59 CD59 antigen preproprotein BE408081 C1orf122 hypothetical protein LOC127687 isoform 1 BE439489 XPR1 xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor BE465475 KLHL29 RecName: Full = Kelch-like protein 29; AltName: Full = Kelch repeat and BTB domain-containing protein 9; BE466675 IBSP integrin-binding sialoprotein precursor BE466825 ZNF565 zinc finger protein 565 BE501385 C12orf60 hypothetical protein LOC144608 BE501464 TRIM4 tripartite motif protein TRIM4 isoform alpha BE501976 Unknown BE502785 ALCAM activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule BE502982 YPEL2 yippee-like 2 BE503425 LOX lysyl oxidase preproprotein BE504180 STK10 serine/threonine kinase 10 BE541641 SLC38A10 solute carrier family 38, member 10 isoform a BE547542 DCBLD1 discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain containing 1 BE549656 RCN1 reticulocalbin 1 precursor BE549937 FGF14 fibroblast growth factor 14 isoform 1B BE550486 SLC2A3 SubName: Full = Solute carrier family 2 (Facilitated glucose transporter), member 3, isoform CRA_a; SubName: Full = cDNA, FLJ92716, Homo sapiens solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucosetransporter), member 3 (SLC2A3), mRNA; BE551877 FBXW7 F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 isoform BE565675 FAM45A hypothetical protein LOC404636 BE568660 CHURC1 churchill domain containing 1 BE615277 PVR poliovirus receptor isoform alpha BE622627 PIK3R3 phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 3 BE644809 PCDH7 protocadherin 7 isoform c precursor BE644818 SPPL2B signal peptide peptidase-like 2B isoform 3 BE645771 GFPT1 glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate BE646146 LOC729678 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ37851 fis, clone BRSSN2014294. BE646573 NFKBIZ nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene BE669858 SAMD9L sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like BE671156 Unknown BE671224 STK11 serine/threonine protein kinase 11 BE672313 FAM110B hypothetical protein LOC90362 BE672499 MIR548F5 BE672676 Unknown BE673226 Unknown BE673587 SLC14A1 solute carrier family 14 (urea transporter), BE674089 LHFP lipoma HMGIC fusion partner precursor BE674460 MAN1A1 mannosidase, alpha, class 1A, member 1 BE674466 Unknown BE675337 Unknown BE675516 NEAT1 Human MEN1 region clone epsilon/beta mRNA, 3′ fragment. BE677131 ANKRD6 ankyrin repeat domain 6 BE740761 Unknown BE741920 NDUFA11 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha BE744389 RNASEK ribonuclease kappa BE787063 Unknown BE813017 SHC3 src homology 2 domain-containing transforming BE856341 LAYN layilin BE857601 MAP1LC3A microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 BE869583 PRDX6 peroxiredoxin 6 BE875567 AGTRAP angiotensin II receptor-associated protein BE877420 Unknown BE877796 MIR548G BE877955 Unknown BE880245 GNS glucosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase precursor BE880828 MCFD2 multiple coagulation factor deficiency 2 BE882538 TBC1D1 TBC1 (tre-2/USP6, BUB2, cdc16) domain family, BE883841 Unknown BE886225 SAMD9L sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like BE888744 IFIT2 interferon-induced protein with BE889628 ERAP2 endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 BE890745 ARL1 ADP-ribosylation factor-like 1 BE892293 Unknown BE892574 LACTB lactamase, beta isoform a BE893893 MAP1LC3B microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light BE895437 TK2 thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial BE897886 RHOQ ras-like protein TC10 precursor BE904551 CASC4 cancer susceptibility candidate 4 isoform a BE906233 C1orf183 hypothetical protein LOC55924 isoform 2 BE930512 MDM2 mouse double minute 2 homolog isoform MDM2 BE958291 MTAP 5′-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase BE961916 FBXO18 F-box only protein, helicase, 18 isoform 1 BE962027 Unknown BE962299 C7orf42 hypothetical protein LOC55069 BE962354 TCTN3 tectonic 3 isoform a precursor BE962615 Unknown BE963444 LYRM1 LYR motif containing 1 BE965311 METRN meteorin, glial cell differentiation regulator BE966604 SAMD9L sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like BE966768 MXRA7 transmembrane anchor protein 1 isoform 2 BE967275 Unknown BE967311 Unknown BE967331 ALG2 alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase ALG2 BE967532 Unknown BE971383 SAT1 Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB8373, Homo sapiens SAT1 gene for spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1, without stop codon, in Flexi system. BF000155 TRAF4 TNF receptor-associated factor 4 BF001267 DOCK7 dedicator of cytokinesis 7 BF002195 Unknown BF002844 COBLL1 COBL-like 1 BF003134 CLCA2 chloride channel accessory 2 precursor BF030331 LRRC8A leucine rich repeat containing 8 family, member BF033242 CES2 carboxylesterase 2 isoform 2 BF035563 KIAA1324L hypothetical protein LOC222223 isoform 1 BF055311 Unknown BF055343 GALNTL2 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D- galactosamine:polypeptide BF055474 PHF11 PHD finger protein 11 isoform b BF056746 PAX8 paired box 8 isoform PAX8A BF061003 KCNC4 Shaw-related voltage-gated potassium channel BF061543 Unknown BF062384 SLC39A11 solute carrier family 39, member 11 isoform 1 BF062886 VRK3 vaccinia related kinase 3 isoform 1 BF063896 Unknown BF107618 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A BF108666 LOC375190 hypothetical protein LOC375190 BF108695 LOC285550 hypothetical protein LOC285550 BF109303 Unknown BF109660 OXR1 oxidation resistance 1 isoform 1 BF109854 ST7L suppression of tumorigenicity 7-like isoform 1 BF111214 ADAMTSL1 ADAMTS-like 1 isoform 4 precursor BF111326 KCNJ2 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel J2 BF111651 PPAPDC1B phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 domain BF112171 Unknown BF114745 Unknown BF116042 Unknown BF125756 GABARAPL1 GABA(A) receptor-associated protein like 1 BF130943 PPAPDC1A phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 domain BF195608 Unknown BF196943 USP53 ubiquitin specific protease 53 BF197222 PHF10 PHD finger protein 10 isoform a BF203664 Unknown BF215644 Unknown BF218115 HIPK2 homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 isoform BF218804 ATP13A3 ATPase type 13A3 BF218922 VCAN versican isoform 1 precursor BF221525 ROR1 receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 BF221547 PDE5A phosphodiesterase 5A isoform 1 BF222826 Unknown BF222867 Unknown BF240286 TOB1 transducer of ERBB2, 1 BF242905 ALCAM activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule BF244081 C4orf3 hypothetical protein LOC401152 BF244402 FBXO32 F-box only protein 32 isoform 1 BF246115 MT1F metallothionein 1F BF304759 LRP1 low density lipoprotein-related protein 1 BF308548 TUSC2 tumor suppressor candidate 2 BF337528 ORMDL3 ORM1-like 3 BF340123 RFK riboflavin kinase BF340635 ATP6V1G2 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal, V1 subunit BF342661 MAP2 microtubule-associated protein 2 isoform 1 BF343672 DCPS mRNA decapping enzyme BF344265 PBXIP1 pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox interacting protein BF346014 IDS iduronate-2-sulfatase isoform a precursor BF382281 BLOC1S2 biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles BF382393 NAPEPLD N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D BF431309 LOC100130987 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ38836 fis, clone MESAN2002519, weakly similar to Mus musculus cell cycle checkpoint control protein Mrad9 gene. BF431973 ZNF397 zinc finger protein 397 isoform 2 BF432276 Unknown BF432376 GALNTL2 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D- galactosamine:polypeptide BF432478 PINK1 PTEN induced putative kinase 1 precursor BF432956 SCN2A sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, alpha BF433005 HGSNAT heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase BF433180 Unknown BF433475 ERCC6 excision repair cross-complementing rodent BF435617 Unknown BF435852 ACOX1 acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 1 isoform b BF437602 ZNF561 zinc finger protein 561 BF438014 Unknown BF438386 Unknown BF439451 CEBPZ CCAAT/enhancer binding protein zeta BF439488 EDEM3 ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha- like BF445273 SLC3A1 solute carrier family 3, member 1 BF446673 HMCN1 hemicentin 1 precursor BF448048 SETD3 SET domain containing 3 isoform a BF476080 Unknown BF507342 PPM1K protein phosphatase 1K (PP2C domain containing) BF508244 AKR1C2 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C2 BF508344 Unknown BF510490 WDR26 WD repeat domain 26 isoform b BF510581 BTBD11 BTB (POZ) domain containing 11 isoform a BF510588 TSHZ3 zinc finger protein 537 BF511231 Unknown BF512162 C3orf55 hypothetical protein LOC152078 isoform 1 BF512190 Unknown BF515031 KIFC2 kinesin family member C2 BF570193 MGAT4B alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein BF570412 ABHD12 abhydrolase domain containing 12 isoform a BF575213 SOD2 manganese superoxide dismutase isoform A BF575514 NAMPT nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase BF589322 RSPO3 R-spondin 3 precursor BF590274 TBCK TBC domain-containing protein kinase-like BF593252 ADSSL1 adenylosuccinate synthase like 1 isoform 2 BF593917 Unknown BF663461 SLC38A10 solute carrier family 38, member 10 isoform a BF666293 KDSR 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase precursor BF670447 RHOQ ras-like protein TC10 precursor BF672306 Unknown BF676462 SHC4 rai-like protein BF676980 GCLC glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit BF680588 STEAP2 six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the BF691045 Unknown BF692332 SELT selenoprotein T precursor BF696757 Unknown BF699855 GALNT7 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7 BF718769 PPP1R7 protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 7 BF723626 MKLN1 muskelin 1, intracellular mediator containing BF724137 C7orf58 hypothetical protein LOC79974 isoform 1 BF724210 Unknown BF724944 MCART1 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ34088 fis, clone FCBBF3005698. BF726934 CPXM2 carboxypeptidase X (M14 family), member 2 BF732712 GPRASP2 G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting BF792631 CDC14B CDC14 homolog B isoform 3 BF797381 CAMK2D calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II BF939176 MYOZ2 myozenin 2 BF939292 STX4 syntaxin 4 BF939365 CALU calumenin isoform b precursor BF939833 DLEU2 BF939919 MAPKAP1 mitogen-activated protein kinase associated BF940211 CCDC148 coiled-coil domain containing 148 BF940276 RFNG radical fringe BF956762 MEG3 Homo sapiens MEG3 mRNA, partial sequence, imprinted gene. BF966015 ZNF18 zinc finger protein 18 BF968134 MXRA7 transmembrane anchor protein 1 isoform 2 BF968960 TM2D1 beta-amyloid binding protein precursor BF969982 KCNC4 Shaw-related voltage-gated potassium channel BF970829 OSBPL8 oxysterol-binding protein-like protein 8 isoform BF973568 Unknown BF974389 FAM89B family with sequence similarity 89, member B BF977145 Unknown BF978611 MPZL1 myelin protein zero-like 1 isoform a BF978689 RHOQ ras-like protein TC10 precursor BF982174 SDPR serum deprivation response protein BF982927 SLC5A3 solute carrier family 5 (inositol transporters), BF983379 CD59 CD59 antigen preproprotein BF983948 SRPRB signal recognition particle receptor, beta BF984227 SYNPO2 synaptopodin 2 isoform c BG027926 Unknown BG030576 BTBD8 BTB (POZ) domain containing 8 BG031974 IGF2R insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor precursor BG054844 RND3 ras homolog gene family, member E precursor BG107203 RABGAP1L RAB GTPase activating protein 1-like isoform A BG107676 Unknown BG111808 Unknown BG112359 Unknown BG122789 ARHGAP22 Rho GTPase activating protein 2 BG149557 RORA RAR-related orphan receptor A isoform b BG163267 HSP90AB1 SubName: Full = Heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha (Cytosolic), class B member 1, isoform CRA_a; SubName: Full = cDNA, FLJ92550, Homo sapiens heat shock 90 kDa protein 1, beta (HSPCB), mRNA; BG163756 Unknown BG164365 MAP1B microtubule-associated protein 1B BG167841 MOBKL2C MOB1, Mps One Binder kinase activator-like 2C BG169689 SLC41A2 solute carrier family 41, member 2 BG170130 C6orf89 hypothetical protein LOC221477 BG177759 WDR26 WD repeat domain 26 isoform b BG200452 BANK1 B-cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1 BG230614 CD47 CD47 antigen isoform 1 precursor BG231932 TPP1 tripeptidyl-peptidase I preproprotein BG236006 Unknown BG250310 ZFP36L1 butyrate response factor 1 BG250585 Unknown BG251175 DLG1 discs, large homolog 1 isoform 1 BG252490 DNAJB4 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 4 BG252899 Unknown BG260394 SNCA alpha-synuclein isoform NACP140 BG260623 ZNF319 zinc finger protein 319 BG284890 Unknown BG285881 PRICKLE2 prickle-like 2 BG289443 Unknown BG290577 SPAG9 sperm associated antigen 9 isoform 1 BG291039 Unknown BG292040 Unknown BG292389 ERAP2 endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 BG292405 BG326045 BHLHE40 basic helix-loop-helix family, member e40 BG326897 EXD3 exonuclease 3′-5′ domain containing 3 BG327863 TTTY14 BG339064 Unknown BG340967 TRAPPC1 trafficking protein particle complex 1 BG341906 ARF3 ADP-ribosylation factor 3 BG354573 PSG8 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 8 isoform BG386566 H2AFJ Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ10903 fis, clone OVARC1000006, highly similar to HISTONE H2A.1. BG427393 APLP2 amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2 BG432350 C20orf108 hypothetical protein LOC116151 BG434272 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A BG469257 MMP24 matrix metalloproteinase 24 preproprotein BG475299 CTTN cortactin isoform a BG501219 TMEM167A transmembrane protein 167A precursor BG534245 Unknown BG537190 FTL ferritin, light polypeptide BG537255 Unknown BG538564 Unknown BG620958 Unknown BG913589 DNAJC3 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 3 BI438189 Purified pancreatic islet BM128432 IGFBP5 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 BM677498 MGC23284 Homo sapiens hypothetical protein MGC23284, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE: 4637796), partial cds. BM992214 Unknown BQ007522 Unknown BQ183759 Unknown BQ187042 Unknown BQ876971 CRTAP cartilage associated protein precursor BU069195 C2orf74 hypothetical protein LOC339804 isoform 1 BU074567 C14orf37 hypothetical protein LOC145407 precursor BU078629 ZFYVE16 zinc finger, FYVE domain containing 16 BU430052 FGD2 FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing 2 CA431092 Unknown D10537 major structural protein of myelin D13287 MTX1 metaxin 1 isoform 1 D17391 COL4A4 alpha 4 type IV collagen precursor D21089 XPC xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group C D29810 DCBLD2 discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain containing 2 D31421 SGMS2 sphingomyelin synthase 2 D38299 PTGER3 Homo sapiens PTGER3 mRNA for prostaglandin E receotor EP3 subtype 3 isoform, partial cds, clone: FLJ80357SAAF. D43967 RUNX1 runt-related transcription factor 1 isoform D45864 PRKG1 protein kinase, cGMP-dependent, type I isoform D50579 CES2 carboxylesterase 2 isoform 2 D50683 TGFBR2 transforming growth factor, beta receptor II D63807 Unknown D79994 KANK1 KN motif and ankyrin repeat domains 1 isoform a D80010 LPIN1 lipin 1 D83485 PDIA3 protein disulfide-isomerase A3 precursor D84105 CD46 CD46 antigen, complement regulatory protein D86586 CLEC11A stem cell growth factor precursor D86985 KIAA0232 hypothetical protein LOC9778 D87292 Rhodanese H04482 OSTM1 osteopetrosis associated transmembrane protein 1 H05023 RGS7BP regulator of G-protein signaling 7 binding H05025 C5orf53 IgA-inducing protein precursor H07095 Unknown H10659 MMAA RecName: Full = Putative L-type amino acid transporter 1-like protein MMAA; AltName: Full = hLAT1 3-transmembrane protein MMAA; Short = hLAT1 3TM MMAA; H10766 GTF2F2 general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 2, H11075 HEATR7A HEAT repeat containing 7A isoform 1 H14241 SLC48A1 heme-responsive gene 1 H23979 CD200 CD200 antigen isoform b H24398 C11orf87 hypothetical protein LOC399947 precursor (see also AA633992 herein and Table 3) H25097 USP53 ubiquitin specific protease 53 H27948 C17orf103 transcript expressed during hematopoiesis 2 H72927 TMEM179B transmembrane protein 179B H84390 Unknown H89790 MEG3 Homo sapiens MEG3 mRNA, partial sequence, imprinted gene. H93077 Unknown H97567 Unknown H98105 Unknown H98994 PLEKHA8 pleckstrin homology domain containing, family A J03202 LAMC1 laminin, gamma 1 precursor J03225 TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor isoform a J04183 LAMP2 lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 isoform J04755 ferritin H processed pseudogene K02920 GBA glucocerebrosidase precursor L06633 CYTIP cytohesin 1 interacting protein L08835 Unknown L11315 DDR1 discoidin domain receptor family, member 1 L11669 MFSD10 major facilitator superfamily domain containing L12002 ITGA4 integrin alpha 4 precursor L12711 TKT transketolase isoform 1 L13720 GAS6 growth arrest-specific 6 isoform 1 precursor L13852 UBA7 ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 7 L14611 RORA RAR-related orphan receptor A isoform b L16895 lysyl oxidase (LOX) L20817 DDR1 discoidin domain receptor family, member 1 L27489 PTGER3 Homo sapiens PTGER3 mRNA for prostaglandin E receotor EP3 subtype 3 isoform, partial cds, clone: FLJ80357SAAF. L38019 ITPR1 inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor, type 1 L38969 THBS3 thrombospondin 3 precursor L41690 TRADD TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain L42374 PPP2R5B beta isoform of regulatory subunit B56, protein M10943 metallothionein-If M11734 CSF2 colony stimulating factor 2 precursor M14016 UROD uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase M15329 IL1A interleukin 1, alpha proprotein M15330 interleukin 1-beta (IL1B) M22921 B4GALT1 UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- M25915 CLU clusterin isoform 2 M27968 FGF2 fibroblast growth factor 2 M28880 ANK1 ankyrin 1 isoform 9 M31125 PSG6 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 6 isoform M32221 PSAP prosaposin isoform a preproprotein M33376 pseudo-chlordecone reductase M33653 COL13A1 alpha 1 type XIII collagen isoform 1 M34421 PSG9 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 M34715 pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein M55580 SAT1 Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB8373, Homo sapiens SAT1 gene for spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1, without stop codon, in Flexi system. M55983 DNASE1 deoxyribonuclease I precursor M59916 SMPD1 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid M59917 acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) M65062 IGFBP5 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 M68874 PLA2G4A cytosolic phospholipase A2, group IVA M76453 CSF1 colony stimulating factor 1 isoform c precursor M76477 GM2A GM2 ganglioside activator precursor M79321 LYN Yamaguchi sarcoma viral (v-yes-1) oncogene M79462 PML promyelocytic leukemia protein isoform 2 M81635 STOM stomatin isoform a M81768 SLC9A1 solute carrier family 9, isoform A1 M83248 SPP1 secreted phosphoprotein 1 isoform a M87507 interleukin-1 beta convertase M95548 SLC3A1 solute carrier family 3, member 1 M98399 CD36 CD36 antigen M98478 TGM2 transglutaminase 2 isoform a M98528 Unknown N20923 neuron-specific protein; protein phosphatase inhibitor N20927 RAP2B RAP2B, member of RAS oncogene family precursor N21202 Unknown N21643 Unknown N22918 PPM1M protein phosphatase 1M isoform a N30152 Unknown N30169 PSG5 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 5 N30209 CLVS1 N30649 SQSTM1 sequestosome 1 isoform 2 N33403 MYO10 myosin X N34514 Unknown N35896 PPFIBP1 PTPRF interacting protein binding protein 1 N36085 Unknown N36759 C6orf225 hypothetical protein LOC619208 N36762 Unknown N39536 NOMO3 nodal modulator 3 precursor N45228 GABBR1 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor 1 N45309 PCYOX1 prenylcysteine oxidase 1 precursor N48315 PPARA peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, N49852 NALCN voltage gated channel like 1 N51370 Unknown N51413 Unknown N51708 Unknown N51836 Unknown N52532 SECISBP2L SECIS binding protein 2-like N52767 GTF2F2 general transcription factor IIF, polypeptide 2, N58363 Unknown N63706 Unknown N63748 ZBTB4 zinc finger and BTB domain containing 4 N66571 Unknown N66633 LHFPL2 lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 2 N71074 SEC22A SEC22 vesicle trafficking protein homolog A N71923 Unknown N79662 GSTA4 glutathione S-transferase alpha 4 N90755 CAP2 adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 2 N92494 ARL6IP5 ADP-ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting N95414 ITGA2 integrin alpha 2 precursor N95437 LMCD1 LIM and cysteine-rich domains 1 NM_000034 ALDOA fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A NM_000043 FAS tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, NM_000046 ARSB arylsulfatase B isoform 1 precursor NM_000049 ASPA aspartoacylase NM_000055 BCHE butyrylcholinesterase precursor NM_000060 BTD biotinidase precursor NM_000062 SERPING1 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G, member 1 NM_000064 C3 complement component 3 precursor NM_000072 CD36 CD36 antigen NM_000077 CDKN2A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A isoform 3 NM_000081 LYST lysosomal trafficking regulator NM_000099 CST3 cystatin C precursor NM_000100 CSTB cystatin B NM_000107 DDB2 damage-specific DNA binding protein 2 NM_000120 EPHX1 epoxide hydrolase 1 NM_000123 ERCC5 XPG-complementing protein NM_000124 ERCC6 excision repair cross-complementing rodent NM_000132 F8 coagulation factor VIII isoform a precursor NM_000137 FAH fumarylacetoacetase NM_000147 FUCA1 fucosidase, alpha-L-1, tissue precursor NM_000156 GAMT guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase isoform a NM_000161 GCH1 GTP cyclohydrolase 1 isoform 1 NM_000163 GHR growth hormone receptor precursor NM_000169 GLA alpha-galactosidase A precursor NM_000175 GPI glucose phosphate isomerase NM_000177 GSN gelsolin isoform c NM_000183 HADHB mitochondrial trifunctional protein, beta NM_000191 HMGCL 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA lyase isoform 1 NM_000202 IDS iduronate-2-sulfatase isoform a precursor NM_000203 IDUA alpha-L-iduronidase precursor NM_000227 LAMA3 laminin alpha 3 subunit isoform 1 NM_000235 LIPA lipase A precursor NM_000247 MICA RecName: Full = MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A; Short = MIC-A; Flags: Precursor; NM_000281 PCBD1 pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine NM_000291 PGK1 phosphoglycerate kinase 1 NM_000297 PKD2 polycystin 2 NM_000305 PON2 paraoxonase 2 isoform 2 NM_000311 PRNP prion protein preproprotein NM_000376 VDR vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor NM_000381 MID1 midline 1 NM_000389 CDKN1A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A NM_000391 TPP1 tripeptidyl-peptidase I preproprotein NM_000396 CTSK cathepsin K preproprotein NM_000401 EXT2 exostosin 2 isoform 1 NM_000404 GLB1 galactosidase, beta 1 isoform b NM_000407 GP1BB glycoprotein Ib, beta polypeptide precursor NM_000413 HSD17B1 hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 1 NM_000428 LTBP2 latent transforming growth factor beta binding NM_000449 RFX5 regulatory factor X, 5 NM_000459 TEK TEK tyrosine kinase, endothelial precursor NM_000476 AK1 adenylate kinase 1 NM_000480 AMPD3 adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3 isoform 1A NM_000484 APP amyloid beta A4 protein isoform a precursor NM_000487 ARSA arylsulfatase A isoform b NM_000501 ELN elastin isoform a precursor NM_000512 GALNS galactosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfate sulfatase NM_000521 HEXB hexosaminidase B preproprotein NM_000527 LDLR low density lipoprotein receptor precursor NM_000558 HBA1 alpha 1 globin NM_000576 IL1B interleukin 1, beta proprotein NM_000581 GPX1 glutathione peroxidase 1 isoform 1 NM_000584 IL8 interleukin 8 precursor NM_000585 IL15 interleukin 15 preproprotein NM_000593 TAP1 transporter 1, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family NM_000596 IGFBP1 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 NM_000599 IGFBP5 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 NM_000600 IL6 interleukin 6 precursor NM_000602 SERPINE1 plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 isoform 1 NM_000611 CD59 CD59 antigen preproprotein NM_000617 SLC11A2 solute carrier family 11 (proton-coupled NM_000638 VTN vitronectin precursor NM_000640 IL13RA2 interleukin 13 receptor, alpha 2 precursor NM_000662 NAT1 N-acetyltransferase 1 isoform b NM_000679 ADRA1B alpha-1B-adrenergic receptor NM_000711 bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) protein (replaced by (BGLAP) NM_199173.4) NM_000714 TSPO translocator protein isoform PBR NM_000717 CA4 carbonic anhydrase IV precursor NM_000722 CACNA2D1 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha NM_000757 CSF1 colony stimulating factor 1 isoform c precursor NM_000765 CYP3A7 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, NM_000786 CYP51A1 cytochrome P450, family 51, subfamily A, NM_000801 FKBP1A FK506 binding protein 1A, 12 kDa NM_000804 FOLR3 folate receptor 3 precursor NM_000817 GAD1 glutamate decarboxylase 1 isoform GAD67 NM_000820 GAS6 growth arrest-specific 6 isoform 1 precursor NM_000824 GLRB glycine receptor, beta isoform A precursor NM_000852 GSTP1 glutathione transferase NM_000876 IGF2R insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor precursor NM_000885 ITGA4 integrin alpha 4 precursor NM_000899 KITLG KIT ligand isoform b precursor NM_000901 NR3C2 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2 NM_000916 OXTR oxytocin receptor NM_000919 PAM peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase NM_000930 PLAT plasminogen activator, tissue isoform 1 NM_000933 PLCB4 phospholipase C beta 4 isoform a NM_000942 PPIB peptidylprolyl isomerase B precursor NM_000965 RARB retinoic acid receptor, beta isoform 1 NM_001001548 CD36 CD36 antigen NM_001001669 FLJ41603 hypothetical protein LOC389337 NM_001001713 SH3BGR SH3-binding domain and glutamic acid-rich NM_001017974 P4HA2 prolyl 4-hydroxylase, alpha II subunit isoform 2 NM_001030050 KLK3 prostate specific antigen isoform 5 NM_001031702 SEMA5B semaphorin 5B isoform 1 NM_001032409 OAS1 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 isoform 3 NM_001033053 NLRP1 NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1 isoform 1 NM_001047 SRD5A1 steroid-5-alpha-reductase 1 NM_001055 SULT1A1 sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, NM_001083 PDE5A phosphodiesterase 5A isoform 1 NM_001108 acylphosphatase 2, muscle type (ACYP2), (replaced by NM_138448.3) NM_001110 ADAM10 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 precursor NM_001124 ADM adrenomedullin precursor NM_001146 ANGPT1 angiopoietin 1 precursor NM_001151 SLC25A4 adenine nucleotide translocator 1 NM_001153 ANXA4 annexin IV NM_001154 ANXA5 annexin 5 NM_001159 AOX1 aldehyde oxidase 1 NM_001174 unknown NM_001183 ATP6AP1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal accessory NM_001196 BID BH3 interacting domain death agonist isoform 2 NM_001200 BMP2 bone morphogenetic protein 2 preproprotein NM_001216 CA9 carbonic anhydrase IX precursor NM_001251 CD68 CD68 antigen isoform B NM_001252 CD70 tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily, member NM_001257 CDH13 cadherin 13 preproprotein NM_001259 CDK6 cyclin-dependent kinase 6 NM_001268 RCBTB2 regulator of chromosome condensation and BTB NM_001283 AP1S1 adaptor-related protein complex 1, sigma 1 NM_001304 CPD carboxypeptidase D precursor NM_001330 CTF1 cardiotrophin 1 isoform 1 NM_001343 DAB2 disabled homolog 2 NM_001344 DAD1 defender against cell death 1 NM_001345 DGKA diacylglycerol kinase, alpha 80 kDa NM_001346 DGKG diacylglycerol kinase gamma isoform 1 NM_001353 AKR1C1 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C1 NM_001355 DDT D-dopachrome tautomerase NM_001360 DHCR7 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase NM_001386 DPYSL2 dihydropyrimidinase-like 2 NM_001397 ECE1 endothelin converting enzyme 1 isoform 4 NM_001442 FABP4 fatty acid binding protein 4, adipocyte NM_001448 GPC4 glypican 4 precursor NM_001458 FLNC gamma filamin isoform a NM_001478 B4GALNT1 beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 1 NM_001498 GCLC glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit NM_001511 CXCL1 chemokine (C—X—C motif) ligand 1 NM_001518 GTF2I general transcription factor IIi isoform 1 NM_001531 MR1 major histocompatibility complex, class NM_001540 HSPB1 heat shock protein beta-1 NM_001547 IFIT2 interferon-induced protein with NM_001548 IFIT1 interferon-induced protein with NM_001549 IFIT3 interferon-induced protein with NM_001552 IGFBP4 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 NM_001553 IGFBP7 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 NM_001565 CXCL10 small inducible cytokine B10 precursor NM_001611 ACP5 acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant NM_001628 AKR1B1 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 NM_001642 APLP2 amyloid beta (A4) precursor-like protein 2 NM_001647 APOD apolipoprotein D precursor NM_001660 ARF4 ADP-ribosylation factor 4 NM_001684 ATP2B4 plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4 isoform 4a NM_001724 BPGM bisphosphoglycerate mutase NM_001752 CAT catalase NM_001780 CD63 CD63 antigen isoform A NM_001792 CDH2 cadherin 2, type 1 preproprotein NM_001797 CDH11 cadherin 11, type 2 preproprotein NM_001807 CEL carboxyl ester lipase precursor NM_001823 CKB brain creatine kinase NM_001846 COL4A2 alpha 2 type IV collagen preproprotein NM_001860 SLC31A2 solute carrier family 31 (copper transporters), NM_001873 CPE carboxypeptidase E preproprotein NM_001893 CSNK1D casein kinase 1, delta isoform 2 NM_001908 CTSB cathepsin B preproprotein NM_001909 CTSD cathepsin D preproprotein NM_001913 CUX1 cut-like homeobox 1 isoform b NM_001914 CYB5A cytochrome b-5 isoform 2 NM_001920 DCN decorin isoform a preproprotein NM_001924 GADD45A growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha NM_001954 DDR1 discoidin domain receptor family, member 1 NM_001957 EDNRA endothelin receptor type A isoform a precursor NM_001967 EIF4A2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A2 NM_001985 ETFB electron-transfer-flavoprotein, beta polypeptide NM_001999 FBN2 fibrillin 2 precursor NM_002004 farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) NM_002006 FGF2 fibroblast growth factor 2 NM_002016 FLG filaggrin NM_002032 FTH1 ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1 NM_002056 GFPT1 glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate NM_002064 GLRX glutaredoxin (thioltransferase) NM_002081 GPC1 glypican 1 precursor NM_002087 GRN granulin precursor NM_002133 HMOX1 heme oxygenase (decyclizing) 1 NM_002162 ICAM3 intercellular adhesion molecule 3 precursor NM_002184 IL6ST interleukin 6 signal transducer isoform 1 NM_002189 IL15RA interleukin 15 receptor, alpha isoform 2 NM_002197 ACO1 aconitase 1 NM_002198 IRF1 interferon regulatory factor 1 NM_002203 ITGA2 integrin alpha 2 precursor NM_002204 ITGA3 integrin alpha 3 isoform a precursor NM_002205 ITGA5 integrin alpha 5 precursor NM_002213 ITGB5 integrin, beta 5 precursor NM_002227 JAK1 janus kinase 1 NM_002231 CD82 CD82 antigen isoform 1 NM_002254 KIF3C kinesin family member 3C NM_002275 KRT15 keratin 15 NM_002290 LAMA4 laminin, alpha 4 isoform 2 precursor NM_002291 LAMB1 laminin, beta 1 precursor NM_002294 LAMP2 lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 isoform NM_002309 LIF leukemia inhibitory factor (cholinergic NM_002317 LOX lysyl oxidase preproprotein NM_002332 LRP1 low density lipoprotein-related protein 1 NM_002337 LRPAP1 low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein NM_002350 LYN Yamaguchi sarcoma viral (v-yes-1) oncogene NM_002357 MXD1 MAX dimerization protein 1 NM_002372 MAN2A1 mannosidase, alpha, class 2A, member 1 NM_002389 CD46 CD46 antigen, complement regulatory protein NM_002392 MDM2 mouse double minute 2 homolog isoform MDM2 NM_002395 ME1 SubName: Full = Cadherin; Flags: Fragment; NM_002406 MGAT1 mannosyl (alpha-1,3-)-glycoprotein NM_002407 SCGB2A1 secretoglobin, family 2A, member 1 precursor NM_002408 MGAT2 mannosyl (alpha-1,6-)-glycoprotein NM_002425 MMP10 matrix metalloproteinase 10 preproprotein NM_002426 MMP12 matrix metalloproteinase 12 preproprotein NM_002448 MSX1 msh homeobox 1 NM_002450 metallothionein 1L (gene/pseudogene) (MT1L NM_002463 MX2 myxovirus resistance protein 2 NM_002477 MYL5 myosin regulatory light chain 5 NM_002513 NME3 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 3 NM_002517 NPAS1 neuronal PAS domain protein 1 NM_002518 NPAS2 neuronal PAS domain protein 2 NM_002527 NTF3 neurotrophin 3 isoform 1 preproprotein NM_002555 SLC22A18 tumor suppressing subtransferable candidate 5 NM_002560 P2RX4 purinergic receptor P2X4 NM_002575 SERPINB2 serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade NM_002581 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A NM_002589 PCDH7 protocadherin 7 isoform c precursor NM_002626 PFKL RecName: Full = 6-phosphofructokinase, liver type; EC = 2.7.1.11; AltName: Full = Phosphofructokinase 1; AltName: Full = Phosphohexokinase; AltName: Full = Phosphofructo-1-kinase isozyme B; Short = PFK-B; NM_002631 PGD phosphogluconate dehydrogenase NM_002647 PIK3C3 catalytic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase 3 NM_002675 PML promyelocytic leukemia protein isoform 2 NM_002676 PMM1 phosphomannomutase 1 NM_002778 PSAP prosaposin isoform a preproprotein NM_002780 PSG4 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 4 isoform NM_002781 PSG5 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 5 NM_002782 PSG6 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 6 isoform NM_002783 PSG7 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 7 NM_002784 PSG9 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 NM_002830 PTPN4 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type NM_002845 PTPRM protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, M NM_002848 PTPRO receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase O NM_002849 PTPRR protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, R NM_002870 RAB13 RAB13, member RAS oncogene family NM_002886 RAP2B RAP2B, member of RAS oncogene family precursor NM_002923 RGS2 regulator of G-protein signaling 2 NM_002924 RGS7 regulator of G-protein signaling 7 NM_002963 S100A7 S100 calcium binding protein A7 NM_002970 SAT1 Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB8373, Homo sapiens SAT1 gene for spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1, without stop codon, in Flexi system. NM_002975 CLEC11A stem cell growth factor precursor NM_002977 SCN9A sodium channel, voltage-gated, type IX, alpha NM_002979 SCP2 sterol carrier protein 2 isoform 1 proprotein NM_002985 CCL5 small inducible cytokine A5 precursor NM_003009 SEPW1 selenoprotein W, 1 NM_003012 SFRP1 secreted frizzled-related protein 1 precursor NM_003014 SFRP4 secreted frizzled-related protein 4 precursor NM_003022 SH3BGRL SH3 domain binding glutamic acid-rich protein NM_003038 SLC1A4 solute carrier family 1, member 4 isoform 1 NM_003059 SLC22A4 solute carrier family 22 member 4 NM_003060 SLC22A5 solute carrier family 22 member 5 NM_003134 SRP14 signal recognition particle 14 kDa (homologous NM_003144 SSR1 signal sequence receptor, alpha precursor NM_003151 STAT4 signal transducer and activator of transcription NM_003165 STXBP1 syntaxin binding protein 1 isoform a NM_003172 SURF1 surfeit 1 NM_003174 SVIL supervillin isoform 2 NM_003236 TGFA transforming growth factor, alpha isoform 1 NM_003238 TGFB2 transforming growth factor, beta 2 isoform 1 NM_003242 TGFBR2 transforming growth factor, beta receptor II NM_003244 TGIF1 TG-interacting factor isoform c NM_003246 THBS1 thrombospondin 1 precursor NM_003254 TIMP1 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 NM_003265 TLR3 toll-like receptor 3 precursor NM_003272 GPR137B G protein-coupled receptor 137B NM_003275 TMOD1 tropomodulin 1 NM_003289 TPM2 tropomyosin 2 (beta) isoform 2 NM_003326 TNFSF4 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, NM_003330 TXNRD1 thioredoxin reductase 1 isoform 3 NM_003344 UBE2H ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2H isoform 1 NM_003433 ZNF132 zinc finger protein 132 NM_003451 ZNF177 zinc finger protein 177 NM_003469 SCG2 secretogranin II precursor NM_003475 RASSF7 Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family NM_003492 TMEM187 transmembrane protein 187 NM_003494 DYSF dysferlin isoform 12 NM_003516 HIST2H2AA3 histone cluster 2, H2aa3 NM_003517 HIST2H2AC histone cluster 2, H2ac NM_003528 HIST2H2BE histone cluster 2, H2be NM_003543 HIST1H4H histone cluster 1, H4h NM_003548 HIST2H4A histone cluster 2, H4a NM_003588 CUL4B cullin 4B isoform 1 NM_003595 TPST2 tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2 NM_003596 TPST1 tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 1 NM_003619 PRSS12 neurotrypsin precursor NM_003620 PPM1D protein phosphatase 1D NM_003622 PPFIBP1 PTPRF interacting protein binding protein 1 NM_003633 ENC1 ectodermal-neural cortex (with BTB-like domain) NM_003635 NDST2 heparan glucosaminyl NM_003641 IFITM1 interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 NM_003670 BHLHE40 basic helix-loop-helix family, member e40 NM_003676 DEGS1 degenerative spermatocyte homolog 1, lipid NM_003688 CASK calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein NM_003725 HSD17B6 hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 6 NM_003730 RNASET2 ribonuclease T2 precursor NM_003733 OASL 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like isoform a NM_003744 NUMB numb homolog isoform 1 NM_003746 DYNLL1 dynein light chain 1 NM_003748 ALDH4A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 4A1 isoform a precursor NM_003768 PEA15 phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 NM_003784 SERPINB7 serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade NM_003789 TRADD TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain NM_003790 TNFRSF25 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, NM_003793 CTSF cathepsin F precursor NM_003811 TNFSF9 tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, NM_003812 ADAM23 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 23 preproprotein NM_003813 ADAM21 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 21 preproprotein NM_003825 SNAP23 synaptosomal-associated protein 23 isoform NM_003851 CREG1 cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes NM_003878 GGH gamma-glutamyl hydrolase precursor NM_003879 CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator isoform NM_003896 ST3GAL5 ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase NM_003900 SQSTM1 sequestosome 1 isoform 2 NM_003928 Unknown NM_003945 ATP6V0E1 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 9 kDa, V0 NM_003992 CLK3 CDC-like kinase 3 isoform a NM_004010 DMD dystrophin Dp427p1 isoform NM_004030 Unknown NM_004045 ATOX1 antioxidant protein 1 NM_004048 B2M beta-2-microglobulin precursor NM_004059 CCBL1 kynurenine aminotransferase I isoform a NM_004073 PLK3 polo-like kinase 3 NM_004110 FDXR ferredoxin reductase isoform 2 precursor NM_004138 KRT33A keratin 33A NM_004148 NINJ1 ninjurin 1 NM_004161 RAB1A RAB1A, member RAS oncogene family isoform 1 NM_004163 RAB27B RAB27B, member RAS oncogene family NM_004165 RRAD Ras-related associated with diabetes NM_004170 SLC1A1 solute carrier family 1, member 1 NM_004221 IL32 interleukin 32 isoform A NM_004233 CD83 CD83 antigen isoform b NM_004265 FADS2 fatty acid desaturase 2 NM_004290 RNF14 ring finger protein 14 isoform 1 NM_004318 ASPH aspartate beta-hydroxylase isoform a NM_004327 BCR Homo sapiens breakpoint cluster region, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE: 4500154). NM_004339 PTTG1IP pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 NM_004343 CALR calreticulin precursor NM_004346 CASP3 caspase 3 preproprotein NM_004356 CD81 CD81 antigen NM_004357 CD151 CD151 antigen NM_004381 ATF6B activating transcription factor 6 beta isoform NM_004388 CTBS chitobiase, di-N-acetyl-precursor NM_004403 DFNA5 deafness, autosomal dominant 5 protein isoform NM_004411 DYNC1I1 dynein, cytoplasmic 1, intermediate chain 1 NM_004414 RCAN1 calcipressin 1 isoform b NM_004490 GRB14 growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 NM_004508 IDI1 isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase NM_004509 SP110 SP110 nuclear body protein isoform c NM_004542 NDUFA3 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha NM_004545 NDUFB1 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta NM_004546 NDUFB2 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta NM_004556 NFKBIE nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene NM_004591 CCL20 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 isoform 1 NM_004614 TK2 thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial NM_004642 CDK2AP1 CDK2-associated protein 1 NM_004649 C21orf33 es1 protein isoform Ia precursor NM_004657 SDPR serum deprivation response protein NM_004668 MGAM maltase-glucoamylase NM_004688 NMI N-myc and STAT interactor NM_004696 SLC16A4 solute carrier family 16, member 4 NM_004710 SYNGR2 synaptogyrin 2 NM_004734 DCLK1 doublecortin-like kinase 1 NM_004748 CCPG1 cell cycle progression 1 isoform 2 NM_004751 GCNT3 glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 3, mucin NM_004753 DHRS3 dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 3 NM_004791 ITGBL1 integrin, beta-like 1 (with EGF-like repeat NM_004815 ARHGAP29 PTPL1-associated RhoGAP 1 NM_004862 LITAF lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha factor NM_004899 BRE brain and reproductive organ-expressed (TNFRSF1A NM_004905 PRDX6 peroxiredoxin 6 NM_004932 CDH6 cadherin 6, type 2 preproprotein NM_004934 CDH18 cadherin 18, type 2 preproprotein NM_004938 DAPK1 death-associated protein kinase 1 NM_005010 NRCAM neuronal cell adhesion molecule isoform A NM_005019 PDE1A phosphodiesterase 1A isoform 1 NM_005020 PDE1C phosphodiesterase 1C NM_005044 PRKX protein kinase, X-linked NM_005065 SEL1L sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like precursor NM_005098 MSC musculin NM_005101 ISG15 ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier precursor NM_005103 FEZ1 zygin 1 isoform 1 NM_005113 GOLGA5 Golgi autoantigen, golgin subfamily a, 5 NM_005123 NR1H4 nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 NM_005125 CCS copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase NM_005167 PPM1J protein phosphatase 1J (PP2C domain containing) NM_005168 RND3 ras homolog gene family, member E precursor NM_005195 CEBPD CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta NM_005200 paraplegia 7 (pure and complicated autosomal (replaced by recessive) (SPG7) NM_003119.2) NM_005204 MAP3K8 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase NM_005213 CSTA cystatin A NM_005245 FAT1 FAT tumor suppressor 1 precursor NM_005319 HIST1H1C histone cluster 1, H1c NM_005326 HAGH hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase isoform 2 NM_005340 HINT1 Homo sapiens cDNA: FLJ22904 fis, clone KAT05632. NM_005345 HSPA1A heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A NM_005346 HSPA1B heat shock 70 kDa protein 1B NM_005354 JUND jun D proto-oncogene NM_005393 PLXNB3 plexin B3 isoform 2 NM_005419 STAT2 signal transducer and activator of transcription NM_005505 SCARB1 scavenger receptor class B, member 1 isoform 2 NM_005506 SCARB2 scavenger receptor class B, member 2 NM_005512 LRRC32 leucine rich repeat containing 32 precursor NM_005525 HSD11B1 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 NM_005528 DNAJC4 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 4 NM_005532 IFI27 interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27 isoform NM_005533 IFI35 interferon-induced protein 35 NM_005541 INPP5D SH2 containing inositol phosphatase isoform a NM_005547 IVL involucrin NM_005557 KRT16 keratin 16 NM_005561 LAMP1 lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 NM_005567 LGALS3BP galectin 3 binding protein NM_005569 LIMK2 LIM domain kinase 2 isoform 2a NM_005575 LNPEP leucyl/cystinyl aminopeptidase isoform 1 NM_005584 MAB21L1 mab-21-like protein 1 NM_005625 SDCBP syntenin isoform 3 NM_005642 TAF7 TATA box-binding protein-associated factor 2F NM_005645 TAF13 TBP-associated factor 13 NM_005665 EVI5 ecotropic viral integration site 5 NM_005667 RNF103 ring finger protein 103 NM_005713 COL4A3BP alpha 3 type IV collagen binding protein isoform NM_005715 UST uronyl-2-sulfotransferase NM_005720 ARPC1B actin related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B NM_005724 TSPAN3 transmembrane 4 superfamily member 8 isoform 1 NM_005745 BCAP31 B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 isoform a NM_005755 EBI3 Epstein-Barr virus induced 3 precursor NM_005756 GPR64 G protein-coupled receptor 64 isoform 1 NM_005765 ATP6AP2 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal accessory NM_005780 LHFP lipoma HMGIC fusion partner precursor NM_005794 DHRS2 dehydrogenase/reductase member 2 isoform 2 NM_005817 PLIN3 mannose 6 phosphate receptor binding protein 1 NM_005824 LRRC17 leucine rich repeat containing 17 isoform 2 NM_005875 EIF1B translation factor sui1 homolog NM_005896 IDH1 isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble NM_005899 NBR1 neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 NM_005907 MAN1A1 mannosidase, alpha, class 1A, member 1 NM_005908 MANBA mannosidase, beta A, lysosomal precursor NM_005926 MFAP1 microfibrillar-associated protein 1 NM_005935 AFF1 myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia NM_005950 MT1G metallothionein 1G NM_005951 MT1H metallothionein 1H NM_005952 MT1X metallothionein 1X NM_005965 Unknown NM_005979 S100A13 S100 calcium binding protein A13 NM_006002 UCHL3 ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L3 NM_006005 WFS1 wolframin NM_006010 MANF mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic NM_006019 TCIRG1 T-cell, immune regulator 1 isoform a NM_006024 TAX1BP1 Tax1 (human T-cell leukemia virus type I) NM_006033 LIPG endothelial lipase precursor NM_006038 SPATA2 spermatogenesis associated 2 NM_006058 TNIP1 TNFAIP3 interacting protein 1 NM_006096 NDRG1 N-myc downstream regulated 1 NM_006102 carboxypeptidase Q (CPQ) (replaced by NM_016134.3) NM_006106 YAP1 Yes-associated protein 1, 65 kDa isoform 1 NM_006113 VAV3 vav 3 guanine nucleotide exchange factor isoform NM_006134 TMEM50B transmembrane protein 50B NM_006141 DYNC1LI2 dynein, cytoplasmic, light intermediate NM_006145 DNAJB1 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 1 NM_006200 PCSK5 proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 NM_006223 PIN4 protein (peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase) NM_006227 PLTP phospholipid transfer protein isoform a NM_006244 PPP2R5B beta isoform of regulatory subunit B56, protein NM_006255 PRKCH protein kinase C, eta NM_006256 PKN2 protein kinase N2 NM_006258 PRKG1 protein kinase, cGMP-dependent, type I isoform NM_006260 DNAJC3 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 3 NM_006285 TESK1 testis-specific protein kinase 1 NM_006290 TNFAIP3 tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 NM_006307 SRPX sushi-repeat-containing protein, X-linked NM_006315 PCGF3 ring finger protein 3 NM_006332 IFI30 interferon, gamma-inducible protein 30 NM_006349 ZNHIT1 zinc finger, HIT domain containing 1 NM_006369 LRRC41 MUF1 protein NM_006384 CIB1 calcium and integrin binding 1 NM_006404 PROCR endothelial protein C receptor precursor NM_006406 PRDX4 peroxiredoxin 4 NM_006407 ARL6IP5 ADP-ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting NM_006416 SLC35A1 solute carrier family 35 (CMP-sialic acid NM_006423 RABAC1 Rab acceptor 1 NM_006426 DPYSL4 dihydropyrimidinase-like 4 NM_006462 RBCK1 RanBP-type and C3HC4-type zinc finger containing NM_006472 TXNIP thioredoxin interacting protein NM_006493 CLN5 ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 5 NM_006505 PVR poliovirus receptor isoform alpha NM_006517 SLC16A2 solute carrier family 16, member 2 NM_006520 DYNLT3 dynein, light chain, Tctex-type 3 NM_006526 ZNF217 zinc finger protein 217 NM_006536 CLCA2 chloride channel accessory 2 precursor NM_006542 SPHAR S-phase response (cyclin-related) NM_006547 IGF2BP3 insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding NM_006577 B3GNT2 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal NM_006608 PHTF1 putative homeodomain transcription factor 1 NM_006634 VAMP5 vesicle-associated membrane protein 5 NM_006642 SDCCAG8 serologically defined colon cancer antigen 8 NM_006670 TPBG trophoblast glycoprotein precursor NM_006675 TSPAN9 tetraspanin 9 NM_006676 USP20 ubiquitin specific protease 20 NM_006682 FGL2 fibrinogen-like 2 precursor NM_006698 BLCAP bladder cancer associated protein NM_006702 PNPLA6 neuropathy target esterase isoform b NM_006720 ABLIM1 actin-binding LIM protein 1 isoform c NM_006727 CDH10 cadherin 10, type 2 preproprotein NM_006730 DNASE1L1 deoxyribonuclease I-like 1 precursor NM_006755 TALDO1 transaldolase 1 NM_006759 UGP2 UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 isoform a NM_006763 BTG2 B-cell translocation gene 2 NM_006767 LZTR1 leucine-zipper-like transcription regulator 1 NM_006803 AP3M2 adaptor-related protein complex 3, mu 2 subunit NM_006810 PDIA5 protein disulfide isomerase A5 precursor NM_006822 RAB40B RAB40B, member RAS oncogene family NM_006823 PKIA cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor alpha NM_006829 C10orf116 adipose specific 2 NM_006830 UQCR ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, 6.4 kDa NM_006851 GLIPR1 GLI pathogenesis-related 1 precursor NM_006876 B3GNT1 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal NM_006905 PSG1 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 1 NM_006918 SC5DL sterol-C5-desaturase NM_007034 DNAJB4 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 4 NM_007036 ESM1 endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 isoform a NM_007048 BTN3A1 butyrophilin, subfamily 3, member A1 isoform d NM_007076 FICD Huntingtin interacting protein E NM_007167 ZMYM6 zinc finger protein 258 NM_007168 ABCA8 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A member 8 NM_007173 PRSS23 protease, serine, 23 precursor NM_007213 PRAF2 PRAT domain family, member 2 NM_007260 LYPLA2 lysophospholipase II NM_007271 STK38 serine/threonine kinase 38 NM_007274 ACOT7 acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 isoform hBACHd NM_007278 GABARAP GABA(A) receptor-associated protein NM_007287 MME membrane metallo-endopeptidase NM_007315 STAT1 signal transducer and activator of transcription NM_007325 GRIA3 glutamate receptor, ionotrophic, AMPA 3 isoform NM_007341 SH3BGR SH3-binding domain and glutamic acid-rich NM_007350 PHLDA1 pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, NM_012067 AKR7A3 aldo-keto reductase family 7, member A3 NM_012081 ELL2 elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2 NM_012090 MACF1 microfilament and actin filament cross-linker NM_012093 AK5 adenylate kinase 5 isoform 1 NM_012105 BACE2 beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 2 isoform A NM_012155 EML2 echinoderm microtubule associated protein like NM_012168 FBXO2 F-box only protein 2 NM_012193 FZD4 frizzled 4 precursor NM_012200 B3GAT3 beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3 NM_012201 GLG1 golgi apparatus protein 1 isoform 1 NM_012213 MLYCD malonyl-CoA decarboxylase precursor NM_012215 MGEA5 meningioma expressed antigen 5 (hyaluronidase) NM_012228 MSRB2 methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 precursor NM_012243 SLC35A3 solute carrier family 35 member 3A NM_012249 RHOQ ras-like protein TC10 precursor NM_012250 RRAS2 related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog 2 NM_012252 TFEC transcription factor EC isoform a NM_012268 PLD3 phospholipase D3 NM_012281 KCND2 potassium voltage-gated channel, Shal-related NM_012328 DNAJB9 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 9 NM_012329 MMD monocyte to macrophage NM_012342 BAMBI BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor NM_012360 OR1F1 olfactory receptor, family 1, subfamily F, NM_012396 PHLDA3 pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, NM_012413 QPCT glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase precursor NM_012419 RGS17 regulator of G-protein signalling 17 NM_012429 SEC14L2 SEC14-like 2 isoform 1 NM_012430 SEC22A SEC22 vesicle trafficking protein homolog A NM_012431 SEMA3E semaphorin 3E precursor NM_012434 SLC17A5 sialin NM_012449 STEAP1 six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the NM_013229 APAF1 apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 isoform NM_013231 FLRT2 fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 2 NM_013281 FLRT3 fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 3 NM_013312 HOOK2 hook homolog 2 isoform 1 NM_013314 BLNK B-cell linker isoform 1 NM_013325 ATG4B APG4 autophagy 4 homolog B isoform a NM_013335 GMPPA GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase A NM_013343 Unknown NM_013352 DSE dermatan sulfate epimerase precursor NM_013379 DPP7 dipeptidyl peptidase 7 preproprotein NM_013381 TRHDE thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme NM_013390 TMEM2 transmembrane protein 2 isoform a NM_013399 C16orf5 cell death inducing protein NM_013943 CLIC4 chloride intracellular channel 4 NM_013959 NRG1 neuregulin 1 isoform ndf43b NM_013960 NRG1 neuregulin 1 isoform ndf43b NM_014015 DEXI dexamethasone-induced protein NM_014028 OSTM1 osteopetrosis associated transmembrane protein 1 NM_014045 LRP10 Homo sapiens LRP10 mRNA for low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 10, complete cds. NM_014068 PSORS1C1 SEEK1 protein NM_014145 C20orf30 hypothetical protein LOC29058 isoform 1 NM_014158 C1GALT1-specific chaperone 1 (C1GALT1C1) (replaced by NM_152692.4) NM_014182 ORMDL2 ORMDL2 NM_014244 ADAMTS2 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 NM_014266 HCST hematopoietic cell signal transducer isoform 2 NM_014268 MAPRE2 microtubule-associated protein, RP/EB family, NM_014278 HSPA4L heat shock 70 kDa protein 4-like NM_014294 TRAM1 translocation associated membrane protein 1 NM_014297 ETHE1 ETHE1 protein precursor NM_014298 QPRT quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase NM_014314 DDX58 DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide NM_014350 TNFAIP8 tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 8 NM_014391 ANKRD1 cardiac ankyrin repeat protein NM_014392 D4S234E brain neuron cytoplasmic protein 1 NM_014396 VPS41 vacuolar protein sorting 41 isoform 1 NM_014399 TSPAN13 tetraspan NET-6 NM_014454 SESN1 sestrin 1 NM_014548 TMOD2 neuronal tropomodulin isoform a NM_014556 Unknown NM_014563 TRAPPC2 trafficking protein particle complex 2 isoform NM_014584 ERO1L ERO1-like precursor NM_014646 LPIN2 lipin 2 NM_014650 ZNF432 zinc finger protein 432 NM_014652 IPO13 importin 13 NM_014668 GREB1 growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer 1 NM_014713 LAPTM4A lysosomal protein transmembrane 4 alpha NM_014723 SNPH syntaphilin NM_014730 MLEC malectin precursor NM_014734 KIAA0247 hypothetical protein LOC9766 precursor NM_014751 MTSS1 metastasis suppressor 1 NM_014774 KIAA0494 hypothetical protein LOC9813 NM_014799 HEPH hephaestin isoform c NM_014804 KIAA0753 hypothetical protein LOC9851 NM_014840 NUAK1 AMPK-related protein kinase 5 NM_014844 TECPR2 tectonin beta-propeller repeat containing 2 NM_014845 FIG4 Sac domain-containing inositol phosphatase 3 NM_014888 FAM3C family with sequence similarity 3, member C NM_014890 FILIP1L filamin A interacting protein 1-like isoform 1 NM_014900 COBLL1 COBL-like 1 NM_014905 GLS glutaminase precursor NM_014934 DZIP1 DAZ interacting protein 1 isoform 2 NM_014936 ENPP4 ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase NM_014942 ANKRD6 ankyrin repeat domain 6 NM_014943 ZHX2 zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2 NM_014945 ABLIM3 actin binding LIM protein family, member 3 NM_014950 ZBTB1 zinc finger and BTB domain containing 1 isoform NM_014951 ZNF365 zinc finger protein 365 isoform C NM_015000 STK38L serine/threonine kinase 38 like NM_015271 TRIM2 tripartite motif-containing 2 isoform 1 NM_015364 LY96 MD-2 protein precursor NM_015392 NPDC1 neural proliferation, differentiation and NM_015415 BRP44 brain protein 44 NM_015516 TSKU tsukushin precursor NM_015556 SIPA1L1 signal-induced proliferation-associated 1 like NM_015654 NAT9 N-acetyltransferase 9 NM_015705 SGSM3 small G protein signaling modulator 3 NM_015865 SLC14A1 solute carrier family 14 (urea transporter), NM_015878 AZIN1 ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor NM_015917 GSTK1 glutathione S-transferase kappa 1 isoform a NM_015919 ZNF226 zinc finger protein 226 isoform b NM_015920 RPS27L ribosomal protein S27-like NM_015967 PTPN22 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type NM_015976 SNX7 sorting nexin 7 isoform a NM_015987 HEBP1 heme binding protein 1 NM_015996 NM_016040 TMED5 transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain NM_016061 YPEL5 yippee-like 5 NM_016109 NM_016127 TMEM66 transmembrane protein 66 precursor NM_016134 PGCP plasma glutamate carboxypeptidase precursor NM_016142 HSD17B12 hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 12 NM_016151 TAOK2 TAO kinase 2 isoform 1 NM_016152 RARB retinoic acid receptor, beta isoform 1 NM_016154 RAB4B ras-related GTP-binding protein 4b NM_016162 ING4 inhibitor of growth family, member 4 isoform 1 NM_016219 MAN1B1 alpha 1,2-mannosidase NM_016226 VPS29 vacuolar protein sorting 29 isoform 2 NM_016227 C1orf9 chromosome 1 open reading frame 9 protein NM_016235 GPRC5B G protein-coupled receptor, family C, group 5, NM_016243 CYB5R1 cytochrome b5 reductase 1 NM_016255 FAM8A1 family with sequence similarity 8, member A1 NM_016275 SELT selenoprotein T precursor NM_016303 WBP5 WW domain binding protein 5 NM_016311 ATPIF1 ATPase inhibitory factor 1 isoform 2 precursor NM_016352 CPA4 carboxypeptidase A4 preproprotein NM_016399 TRIAP1 p53-inducible cell-survival factor NM_016422 RNF141 ring finger protein 141 NM_016423 ZNF219 zinc finger protein 219 NM_016429 COPZ2 coatomer protein complex, subunit zeta 2 NM_016437 TUBG2 tubulin, gamma 2 NM_016530 RAB8B RAB8B, member RAS oncogene family NM_016547 SDF4 stromal cell derived factor 4 isoform 2 NM_016557 CCRL1 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 1 NM_016577 RAB6B RAB6B, member RAS oncogene family NM_016582 SLC15A3 solute carrier family 15, member 3 NM_016588 NRN1 neuritin precursor NM_016599 MYOZ2 myozenin 2 NM_016608 ARMCX1 armadillo repeat containing, X-linked 1 NM_016621 PHF21A BRAF35/HDAC2 complex isoform b NM_016651 DACT1 dapper 1 isoform 1 NM_016656 RRAGB Ras-related GTP binding B long isoform NM_016657 KDELR3 KDEL receptor 3 isoform a NM_016830 VAMP1 vesicle-associated membrane protein 1 isoform 1 NM_016938 EFEMP2 EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix NM_017414 USP18 ubiquitin specific protease 18 NM_017415 KLHL3 kelch-like 3 NM_017423 GALNT7 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7 NM_017445 unknown NM_017458 MVP major vault protein NM_017514 PLXNA3 plexin A3 precursor NM_017554 PARP14 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 14 NM_017567 NAGK N-Acetylglucosamine kinase NM_017627 HECT, UBA and WWE domain containing 1, E3 (replaced by ubiquitin protein ligase (HUWE1) NM_031407.6) NM_017649 CNNM2 cyclin M2 isoform 1 NM_017655 GIPC2 PDZ domain protein GIPC2 NM_017661 ZNF280D suppressor of hairy wing homolog 4 isoform 1 NM_017679 BCAS3 breast carcinoma amplified sequence 3 isoform 1 NM_017680 ASPN asporin precursor NM_017684 VPS13C vacuolar protein sorting 13C protein isoform 2A NM_017692 APTX aprataxin isoform a NM_017706 WDR55 WD repeat domain 55 NM_017712 PGPEP1 pyroglutamyl-peptidase I NM_017733 PIGG phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, NM_017739 POMGNT1 SubName: Full = Protein O-linked mannose beta1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase; NM_017742 ZCCHC2 zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 2 NM_017750 RETSAT all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol saturase NM_017784 OSBPL10 oxysterol-binding protein-like protein 10 NM_017814 TMEM161A transmembrane protein 161A precursor NM_017836 SLC41A3 solute carrier family 41, member 3 isoform 1 NM_017837 PIGV phosphatidylinositol glycan class V NM_017856 GEMIN8 gem (nuclear organelle) associated protein 8 NM_017870 TMEM132A transmembrane protein 132A isoform a NM_017901 TPCN1 two pore segment channel 1 isoform 1 NM_017935 BANK1 B-cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1 NM_017938 FAM70A hypothetical protein LOC55026 isoform 1 NM_017947 MOCOS molybdenum cofactor sulfurase NM_017983 WIPI1 WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting NM_017992 ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha- (replaced by like 3 (EDEM3) NM_025191.3) NM_018042 SLFN12 schlafen family member 12 NM_018046 AGGF1 angiogenic factor VG5Q NM_018075 ANO10 transmembrane protein 16K NM_018113 LMBR1L lipocalin-interacting membrane receptor NM_018129 PNPO pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase NM_018153 ANTXR1 anthrax toxin receptor 1 isoform 1 precursor NM_018161 NADSYN1 NAD synthetase 1 NM_018191 RCBTB1 regulator of chromosome condensation (RCC1) and NM_018217 EDEM2 ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha- like NM_018229 MUDENG Mu-2 related death-inducing protein NM_018267 NM_018291 FGGY FGGY carbohydrate kinase domain containing NM_018293 ZNF654 zinc finger protein 654 NM_018295 TMEM140 transmembrane protein 140 NM_018334 LRRN3 leucine rich repeat neuronal 3 precursor NM_018357 LARP6 La ribonucleoprotein domain family, member 6 NM_018368 LMBRD1 liver regeneration p-53 related protein NM_018370 DRAM1 DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 1 NM_018371 CSGALNACT1 chondroitin sulfate NM_018381 C19orf66 hypothetical protein LOC55337 NM_018418 SPATA7 spermatogenesis-associated protein 7 isoform a NM_018447 TMEM111 transmembrane protein 111 NM_018490 LGR4 leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled NM_018494 LRDD leucine rich repeat and death domain containing NM_018530 GSDMB gasdermin B isoform 1 NM_018584 CAMK2N1 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II NM_018638 ETNK1 ethanolamine kinase 1 isoform A NM_018639 WSB2 WD SOCS-box protein 2 NM_018648 NOP10 nucleolar protein family A, member 3 NM_018656 SLC35E3 solute carrier family 35, member E2 NM_018835 RC3H2 ring finger and CCCH-type zinc finger domains 2 NM_018840 C20orf24 Homo sapiens putative Rab5-interacting protein mRNA, complete cds. NM_018973 DPM3 dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase NM_018999 FAM190B granule cell antiserum positive 14 NM_019059 TOMM7 translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 7 NM_019099 C1orf183 hypothetical protein LOC55924 isoform 2 NM_019114 EPB41L4B erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 like 4B NM_019555 ARHGEF3 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 isoform NM_019556 MOSPD1 motile sperm domain containing 1 NM_019885 CYP26B1 cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily b, NM_020127 TUFT1 tuftelin 1 isoform 1 NM_020139 BDH2 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 2 NM_020154 C15orf24 chromosome 15 open reading frame 24 precursor NM_020166 MCCC1 methylcrotonoyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (alpha) NM_020182 PMEPA1 transmembrane prostate androgen-induced protein NM_020199 C5orf15 keratinocytes associated transmembrane protein 2 NM_020215 Unknown NM_020224 Unknown NM_020234 DTWD1 DTW domain containing 1 NM_020299 AKR1B10 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B10 NM_020347 LZTFL1 leucine zipper transcription factor-like 1 NM_020353 PLSCR4 phospholipid scramblase 4 isoform a NM_020372 SLC22A17 solute carrier family 22, member 17 isoform b NM_020375 C12orf5 TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator NM_020379 MAN1C1 mannosidase, alpha, class 1C, member 1 NM_020399 GOPC golgi associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif NM_020448 NIPAL3 NIPA-like domain containing 3 NM_020524 PBXIP1 pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox interacting protein NM_020639 RIPK4 ankyrin repeat domain 3 NM_020644 TMEM9B TMEM9 domain family, member B precursor NM_020650 RCN3 reticulocalbin 3, EF-hand calcium binding domain NM_020663 RHOJ ras homolog gene family, member J precursor NM_020689 SLC24A3 solute carrier family 24 NM_020755 SERINC1 serine incorporator 1 NM_020760 HECW2 HECT, C2 and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin NM_020815 PCDH10 protocadherin 10 isoform 1 precursor NM_020841 OSBPL8 oxysterol-binding protein-like protein 8 isoform NM_021007 SCN2A sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, alpha NM_021013 KRT34 keratin 34 NM_021016 PSG3 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 3 NM_021035 ZNFX1 zinc finger, NFX1-type containing 1 NM_021070 LTBP3 latent transforming growth factor beta binding NM_021101 CLDN1 claudin 1 NM_021106 RGS3 regulator of G-protein signalling 3 isoform 6 NM_021127 PMAIP1 phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein NM_021136 RTN1 reticulon 1 isoform A NM_021137 TNFAIP1 tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 1 NM_021151 CROT peroxisomal carnitine O-octanoyltransferase NM_021173 POLD4 DNA-directed DNA polymerase delta 4 NM_021199 SQRDL sulfide dehydrogenase like precursor NM_021203 SRPRB signal recognition particle receptor, beta NM_021219 JAM2 junctional adhesion molecule 2 precursor NM_021229 NTN4 netrin 4 precursor NM_021244 RRAGD Ras-related GTP binding D NM_021249 SNX6 sorting nexin 6 isoform b NM_021616 TRIM34 tripartite motif protein 34 isoform 2 NM_021622 PLEKHA1 pleckstrin homology domain containing, family A NM_021626 SCPEP1 serine carboxypeptidase 1 precursor NM_021637 TMEM35 transmembrane protein 35 NM_021643 TRIB2 tribbles homolog 2 NM_021727 FADS3 fatty acid desaturase 3 NM_021731 C19orf28 hypothetical protein LOC126321 isoform a NM_021783 EDA2R X-linked ectodysplasin receptor NM_021825 CCDC90B coiled-coil domain containing 90B precursor NM_021827 CCDC81 coiled-coil domain containing 81 isoform 1 NM_021980 OPTN optineurin NM_021994 ZNF277 zinc finger protein (C2H2 type) 277 NM_021999 ITM2B integral membrane protein 2B NM_022001 unknown NM_022060 ABHD4 abhydrolase domain containing 4 NM_022083 sequence similarity 129, member A (FAM129A) (replaced by NM_052966.3) NM_022087 GALNT11 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 11 NM_022117 TSPYL2 TSPY-like 2 NM_022121 PERP PERP, TP53 apoptosis effector NM_022128 RBKS ribokinase NM_022129 PBLD MAWD binding protein isoform a NM_022135 POPDC2 popeye protein 2 NM_022147 RTP4 28 kD interferon responsive protein NM_022152 TMBIM1 transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 1 NM_022168 IFIH1 interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 NM_022171 TCTA T-cell leukemia translocation altered NM_022338 C11orf24 hypothetical protein LOC53838 precursor NM_022350 ERAP2 endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 NM_022368 PJA1 praja 1 isoform c NM_022450 RHBDF1 rhomboid family 1 NM_022464 SIL1 SIL1 protein precursor NM_022470 ZMAT3 p53 target zinc finger protein isoform 1 NM_022473 ZFP106 zinc finger protein 106 homolog NM_022477 NDRG3 N-myc downstream regulated gene 3 isoform a NM_022736 MFSD1 major facilitator superfamily domain containing NM_022742 CCDC136 coiled-coil domain containing 136 NM_022743 SMYD3 SET and MYND domain containing 3 NM_022748 TNS3 tensin 3 NM_022750 PARP12 poly ADP-ribose polymerase 12 NM_022765 MICAL1 microtubule associated monoxygenase, calponin NM_022772 EPS8L2 epidermal growth factor receptor pathway NM_022783 DEPDC6 DEP domain containing 6 NM_022837 unknown NM_022902 SLC30A5 solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter), NM_023034 WHSC1L1 WHSC1L1 protein isoform long NM_023037 FRY furry homolog NM_023039 ANKRA2 ankyrin repeat, family A (RFXANK-like), 2 NM_023073 C5orf42 hypothetical protein LOC65250 NM_023112 OTUB2 OTU domain, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 2 NM_023915 GPR87 G protein-coupled receptor 87 NM_023928 AACS acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase NM_024006 VKORC1 vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1 NM_024028 PCYOX1L prenylcysteine oxidase 1 like precursor NM_024042 METRN meteorin, glial cell differentiation regulator NM_024047 NUDT9 nudix-type motif 9 isoform a NM_024056 TMEM106C transmembrane protein 106C isoform a NM_024064 protein kinase C, eta (PRKCH) (replaced by NM_006255.3) NM_024097 C1orf50 hypothetical protein LOC79078 NM_024105 ALG12 alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase ALG12 NM_024112 C9orf16 hypothetical protein LOC79095 NM_024292 UBL5 ubiquitin-like 5 NM_024315 C7orf23 chromosome 7 open reading frame 23 NM_024324 CRELD2 cysteine-rich with EGF-like domains 2 isoform a NM_024341 ZNF557 zinc finger protein 557 isoform a NM_024430 PSTPIP2 proline-serine-threonine phosphatase interacting NM_024500 unknown NM_024512 LRRC2 leucine rich repeat containing 2 NM_024523 GCC1 Golgi coiled-coil protein 1 NM_024532 SPAG16 sperm associated antigen 16 isoform 1 NM_024536 CHPF chondroitin polymerizing factor NM_024539 RNF128 ring finger protein 128 isoform 1 NM_024549 TCTN1 tectonic family member 1 isoform 3 NM_024564 Unknown NM_024574 C4orf31 hypothetical protein LOC79625 precursor NM_024577 SH3TC2 SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeats 2 NM_024599 RHBDF2 rhomboid, veinlet-like 6 isoform 2 NM_024602 HECTD3 HECT domain containing 3 NM_024617 ZCCHC6 zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 6 NM_024620 ZNF329 zinc finger protein 329 NM_024649 BBS1 Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 NM_024691 ZNF419 zinc finger protein 419 isoform 1 NM_024728 C7orf10 dermal papilla derived protein 13 NM_024763 WDR78 WD repeat domain 78 isoform 1 NM_024766 C2orf34 hypothetical protein LOC79823 NM_024770 METTL8 methyltransferase like 8 NM_024801 Unknown NM_024806 C11orf63 hypothetical protein LOC79864 isoform 1 NM_024819 DCAKD dephospho-CoA kinase domain containing NM_024825 PODNL1 podocan-like 1 isoform 2 NM_024837 ATP8B4 ATPase class I type 8B member 4 NM_024841 PRR5L protor-2 isoform a NM_024843 CYBRD1 cytochrome b reductase 1 isoform 1 NM_024887 DHDDS dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase isoform a NM_024913 C7orf58 hypothetical protein LOC79974 isoform 1 NM_024924 Unknown NM_024935 Unknown NM_025000 DCAF17 DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 17 isoform 1 NM_025024 Unknown NM_025076 UXS1 UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase 1 NM_025133 FBXO11 F-box only protein 11 isoform 1 NM_025139 ARMC9 armadillo repeat containing 9 NM_025140 CCDC92 coiled-coil domain containing 92 NM_025149 ACSF2 acyl-CoA synthetase family member 2 precursor NM_025165 ELL3 elongation factor RNA polymerase II-like 3 NM_025182 KIAA1539 hypothetical protein LOC80256 NM_025202 EFHD1 EF-hand domain family, member D1 NM_025208 PDGFD platelet derived growth factor D isoform 2 NM_025217 ULBP2 UL16 binding protein 2 precursor NM_025226 Unknown NM_030641 APOL6 apolipoprotein L6 NM_030778 cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein 2 (replaced by (CYFIP2) NM_014376.2) NM_030790 ITFG1 integrin alpha FG-GAP repeat containing 1 NM_030799 YIPF5 Yip1 domain family, member 5 NM_030801 MAGED4B melanoma antigen family D, 4B isoform 1 NM_030802 FAM117A family with sequence similarity 117, member A NM_030810 TXNDC5 thioredoxin domain containing 5 isoform 3 NM_030882 APOL2 apolipoprotein L2 NM_030911 CDADC1 cytidine and dCMP deaminase domain containing 1 NM_030952 NUAK2 NUAK family, SNF1-like kinase, 2 NM_030963 RNF146 ring finger protein 146 NM_030967 KRTAP1-1 keratin associated protein 1-1 NM_030975 KRTAP9-9 keratin associated protein 9-9 NM_030977 unknown NM_031244 SIRT5 sirtuin 5 isoform 2 NM_031246 PSG2 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 2 NM_031285 tetraspanin 9 (TSPAN9), transcript variant 1 (replaced by NM_006675.4) NM_031286 SH3BGRL3 SH3 domain binding glutamic acid-rich protein NM_031301 APH1B presenilin stabilization factor-like isoform 1 NM_031305 ARHGAP24 Rho GTPase activating protein 24 isoform 1 NM_031458 PARP9 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 9 NM_031961 KRTAP9-2 keratin associated protein 9.2 NM_032211 LOXL4 lysyl oxidase-like 4 precursor NM_032412 C5orf32 hypothetical protein LOC84418 NM_032591 SLC9A7 solute carrier family 9, member 7 NM_032623 C4orf49 ovary-specific acidic protein NM_032784 RSPO3 R-spondin 3 precursor NM_032789 PARP10 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 10 NM_032812 PLXDC2 plexin domain containing 2 precursor NM_032866 CGNL1 cingulin-like 1 NM_033255 EPSTI1 epithelial stromal interaction 1 isoform 1 NM_033405 PRIC285 PPAR-alpha interacting complex protein 285 NM_033407 DOCK7 dedicator of cytokinesis 7 NM_037370 CCNDBP1 cyclin D-type binding-protein 1 isoform 1 NM_052822 unknown NM_052839 PANX2 pannexin 2 isoform 2 NM_052866 ADAMTSL1 ADAMTS-like 1 isoform 4 precursor NM_052885 SLC2A13 solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose NM_052889 CARD16 caspase-1 dominant-negative inhibitor pseudo- ICE NM_052941 GBP4 guanylate binding protein 4 NM_052958 C8orf34 hypothetical protein LOC116328 NM_053056 CCND1 cyclin D1 NM_078474 TM2D3 TM2 domain containing 3 isoform a NM_078483 SLC36A1 solute carrier family 36 member 1 NM_078487 CDKN2B cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B isoform 2 NM_080657 RSAD2 radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing NM_080669 SLC46A1 proton-coupled folate transporter NM_133477 SYNPO2 synaptopodin 2 isoform c NM_138924 GAMT guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase isoform a NM_139266 STAT1 signal transducer and activator of transcription NM_144657 HDX highly divergent homeobox NM_144717 IL20RB interleukin 20 receptor beta precursor NM_144724 MARVELD2 MARVEL domain containing 2 isoform 1 NM_144974 CCDC122 coiled-coil domain containing 122 NM_144975 SLFN5 schlafen family member 5 NM_145058 RILPL2 Rab interacting lysosomal protein-like 2 NM_145259 ACVR1C activin A receptor, type IC isoform 2 NM_145301 FAM18B2 hypothetical protein LOC201158 isoform 2 NM_145316 TMEM217 transmembrane protein 217 isoform 1 NM_145731 SYNGR1 synaptogyrin 1 isoform 1a NM_152282 ACPL2 acid phosphatase-like 2 precursor NM_152532 Unknown NM_152565 ATP6V0D2 ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 38 kDa, V0 NM_152597 FSIP1 fibrous sheath interacting protein 1 NM_152634 TCEANC TFIIS central domain-containing protein 1 NM_152701 ABCA13 ATP binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), NM_152703 SAMD9L sterile alpha motif domain containing 9-like NM_152748 KIAA1324L hypothetical protein LOC222223 isoform 1 NM_152757 C20orf200 hypothetical protein LOC253868 NM_152791 ZNF555 zinc finger protein 555 NM_152910 DGKH diacylglycerol kinase, eta isoform 2 NM_153218 C13orf31 hypothetical protein LOC144811 NM_153487 MDGA1 MAM domain containing NM_170753 PGBD3 hypothetical protein LOC267004 NM_171846 LACTB lactamase, beta isoform a NM_172037 RDH10 retinol dehydrogenase 10 NM_173217 ST6GAL1 ST6 beta-galactosamide NM_173354 SIK1 salt-inducible kinase 1 NM_173617 Unknown NM_176821 NLRP10 NLR family, pyrin domain containing 10 NM_177424 STX12 syntaxin 12 NM_177974 CASC4 cancer susceptibility candidate 4 isoform a NM_178550 C1orf110 hypothetical protein LOC339512 NM_178821 WDR69 WD repeat domain 69 NM_181597 UPP1 uridine phosphorylase 1 NM_181782 NCOA7 nuclear receptor coactivator 7 isoform 2 NM_182752 TPRG1L tumor protein p63 regulated 1-like NM_183079 PRNP prion protein preproprotein NM_198183 UBE2L6 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L 6 isoform 2 NM_198576 AGRN agrin precursor NM_199139 XAF1 XIAP associated factor 1 isoform 1 NM_206833 CTXN1 cortexin 1 NM_207380 C15orf52 hypothetical protein LOC388115 NM_213589 RAPH1 Ras association and pleckstrin homology domains NR_001568 BCYRN1 Homo sapiens brain cytoplasmic RNA 1 (non- protein coding) (BCYRN1), non-coding RNA. R14890 HECW2 HECT, C2 and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin R22891 Unknown R24779 Unknown R32065 PSG3 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 3 R34841 SOD2 manganese superoxide dismutase isoform A R38084 GIT2 G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting R44930 Unknown R49343 SEC14L2 SEC14-like 2 isoform 1 R52665 Unknown R62907 DAB2 disabled homolog 2 R78604 IPP intracisternal A particle-promoted polypeptide R79120 DAB2 disabled homolog 2 R98767 CAMK2D calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II S57296 ERBB2 erbB-2 isoform b S68290 AKR1C1 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C1 S69189 ACOX1 acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 1 isoform b S69738 CCL2 small inducible cytokine A2 precursor S70123 LDLR low density lipoprotein receptor precursor S81491 Stat2 type (partial) S81545 EDNRA endothelin receptor type A isoform a precursor S81916 PGK1 phosphoglycerate kinase 1 T03492 Unknown T17299 CACNA2D2 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha T30183 BCR Homo sapiens breakpoint cluster region, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE: 4500154). T50399 HBA2 alpha 2 globin T63497 Unknown T70087 EPAS1 endothelial PAS domain protein 1 T78402 Unknown T84558 NIPAL3 NIPA-like domain containing 3 T94585 ACOT13 acyl-CoA thioesterase 13 isoform 2 U04897 RORA RAR-related orphan receptor A isoform b U05598 dihydrodiol dehydrogenase U10473 B4GALT1 UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- U11058 KCNMA1 large conductance calcium-activated potassium U13698 CASP1 caspase 1 isoform alpha precursor U13699 CASP1 caspase 1 isoform alpha precursor U13700 CASP1 caspase 1 isoform alpha precursor U16307 GLIPR1 GLI pathogenesis-related 1 precursor U17714 putative tumor suppressor ST13 U19599 BAX Homo sapiens bax epsilon mRNA, complete cds. U24267 pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDh) U25147 SLC25A1 solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; U27143 HINT1 Homo sapiens cDNA: FLJ22904 fis, clone KAT05632. U36190 CRIP2 cysteine-rich protein 2 U36501 SP100 nuclear antigen Sp100 isoform 1 U37283 MFAP5 microfibrillar associated protein 5 precursor U37546 BIRC3 baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3 U38321 MMP19 matrix metalloproteinase 19 isoform rasi-1 U40053 lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51P2) pseudogene U40372 3′,5′ cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (HSPDE1C3A) U42349 TUSC3 tumor suppressor candidate 3 isoform a U43559 RDH5 retinol dehydrogenase 5 (11-cis and 9-cis) U47674 ASAH1 N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1 isoform b U48437 APLP1 amyloid precursor-like protein 1 isoform 2 U48705 receptor tyrosine kinase DDR U49188 SERINC3 tumor differentially expressed protein 1 U49396 ionotropic ATP receptor P2X5b U50529 BRCA2 region U55936 SNAP23 synaptosomal-associated protein 23 isoform U58111 VEGFC vascular endothelial growth factor C U61276 JAG1 jagged 1 precursor U62325 APBB2 amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding, U62858 IL13RA1 interleukin 13 receptor, alpha 1 precursor U67280 CALU calumenin isoform b precursor U72937 ATRX transcriptional regulator ATRX isoform 1 U73936 JAG1 jagged 1 precursor U76833 FAP fibroblast activation protein, alpha subunit U77706 LAMA4 laminin, alpha 4 isoform 2 precursor U77914 JAG1 jagged 1 precursor U77917 PTPRR protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, R U79277 Unknown U79297 Unknown U82671 Unknown U83508 ANGPT1 angiopoietin 1 precursor U84138 RAD51L1 RAD51-like 1 isoform 3 U84246 NEU1 neuraminidase precursor U85995 BBS9 parathyroid hormone-responsive B1 isoform 2 U89281 HSD17B6 hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 6 U89330 MAP2 microtubule-associated protein 2 isoform 1 U89386 PAFAH2 platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2 U90552 BTN3A1 butyrophilin, subfamily 3, member A1 isoform d U92268 MAPK11 mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 U92816 c33.6 unnamed HERV-H protein U94831 multispanning membrane protein V00489 alpha-globin W01715 NAPEPLD N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D W03103 ASAP1 development and differentiation enhancing factor W15435 NIPAL3 NIPA-like domain containing 3 W46388 Unknown W46994 STAU2 staufen homolog 2 isoform e W61007 NFAT5 nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 isoform a W65310 Unknown W67995 FXC1 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase W72466 Unknown W72564 LOC100134259 Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ35178 fis, clone PLACE6014043. W73272 PDE8A phosphodiesterase 8A isoform 1 W73431 FN1 fibronectin 1 isoform 1 preproprotein W73788 TTC14 tetratricopeptide repeat domain 14 isoform a W74476 Unknown W74640 Unknown W81648 CSGALNACT2 chondroitin sulfate W87466 Unknown W91876 Unknown W92744 ZNF84 zinc finger protein 84 W93554 SH3PXD2A SH3 multiple domains 1 W93695 CLN8 ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 8 X06989 APP amyloid beta A4 protein isoform a precursor X15132 SOD2 manganese superoxide dismutase isoform A X15306 heavy neurofilament subunit (NF-H) X16354 transmembrane carcinoembryonic antigen BGPa (formerly TM1-CEA) X16447 CD59 CD59 antigen preproprotein X56841 HLA-E major histocompatibility complex, class I, E X61094 GM2A GM2 ganglioside activator precursor X63338 HB2B gene for high sulfur keratin X64116 PVR gene for poliovirus receptor (exon 1) X65232 ZNF79 zinc finger protein 79 X68742 ITGA1 integrin, alpha 1 precursor X74039 PLAUR plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor X76775 HLA-DMA X79683 beta2 laminin X83858 PTGER3 Homo sapiens PTGER3 mRNA for prostaglandin E receotor EP3 subtype 3 isoform, partial cds, clone: FLJ80357SAAF. X90579 CYP3A5 cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, XM_042066 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1, (replaced by E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (MAP3K1) NM_005921.1) XM_290629 AHNAK nucleoprotein 2 (AHNAK2) (replaced by NM_138420.2) XM_371461 Unknown XM_379298 Unknown XM_927270 Unknown XM_927532 Unknown XM_930405 Unknown XM_934030 Unknown XM_936467 Unknown XM_937514 Unknown XM_940706 Unknown XM_943119 transcription elongation factor A (SII), 1 (replaced by NM_201437.1) (TCEA1) XM_943477 Unknown Y09846 shc pseudogene, p66 isoform Z21533 HHEX hematopoietically expressed homeobox Z38765 Unknown Z97053 Unknown

TABLE 2A POLYNUCLEOTIDES ENCODING SENESCENT CELL-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS AA004279 AA012883 AA020826 AA022510 AA029155 AA034012 AA037766 AA043348 AA044835 AA044921 AA045247 AA045527 AA056548 AA081349 AA083483 AA088857 AA088873 AA099357 AA102600 AA115933 AA121673 AA128261 AA130982 AA131041 AA133285 AA133962 AA133989 AA148534 AA149644 AA149745 AA150242 AA150460 AA156605 AA156721 AA156723 AA156754 AA156961 AA160474 AA169752 AA195009 AA196034 AA196245 AA203365 AA205660 AA209239 AA209487 AA215738 AA228366 AA243427 AA279958 AA284248 AA284829 AA329676 AA372349 AA393484 AA398658 AA398740 AA401703 AA404269 AA418028 AA418074 AA418816 AA429615 AA432267 AA459699 AA461080 AA476916 AA481560 AA482478 AA482548 AA496034 AA496213 AA514384 AA514634 AA521080 AA522514 AA523543 AA523733 AA523958 AA524669 AA526844 AA532640 AA532655 AA534198 AA535917 AA543030 AA545764 AA551075 AA554833 AA563621 AA565715 AA565852 AA572675 AA573452 AA573523 AA576961 AA582404 AA583044 AA594609 AA599017 AA602532 AA603472 AA609053 AA628051 AA628398 AA629286 AA631103 AA631254 AA633992 AA634220 AA639752 AA653300 AA654142 AA675892 AA678047 AA678241 AA683481 AA683501 AA683602 AA699809 AA702143 AA703280 AA706658 AA707125 AA716107 AA721252 AA722799 AA724665 AA732007 AA736604 AA747309 AA761181 AA767440 AA768884 AA778684 AA805633 AA806283 AA806349 AA810263 AA810788 AA811138 AA811509 AA812232 AA814140 AA815089 AA827865 AA827878 AA831438 AA831769 AA832474 AA833832 AA836340 AA843132 AA847654 AA853175 AA861784 AA872727 AA883074 AA886870 AA889628 AA889952 AA890010 AA897514 AA902480 AA904430 AA907927 AA910945 AA913146 AA916831 AA917672 AA917899 AA927870 AA928542 AA933779 AA969194 AA971753 AA988241 AA988323 AA993518 AA995925 AB000888 AB002282 AB002301 AB002323 AB002347 AB002354 AB002365 AB002391 AB004574 AB005043 AB006756 AB006757 AB007457 AB007458 AB007875 AB007877 AB007900 AB007923 AB009598 AB011161 AB014511 AB014600 AB015656 AB017269 AB017445 AB017498 AB018283 AB018322 AB018580 AB019691 AB020335 AB020635 AB020645 AB020657 AB020663 AB020712 AB020717 AB022663 AB022918 AB023147 AB023179 AB024518 AB024703 AB029040 AB029290 AB030655 AB030710 AB032261 AB032987 AB032996 AB033007 AB033010 AB033055 AB033080 AB033832 AB034747 AB036063 AB037738 AB037791 AB037813 AB037823 AB037853 AB037925 AB039327 AB039947 AB046692 AB046809 AB046842 AB046844 AB047360 AB049654 AB051486 AB053318 AB053319 AB056106 AC004770 AC004997 AC005339 AC007182 AD000092 AF001602 AF003934 AF005774 AF006516 AF007162 AF009616 AF010314 AF010446 AF011466 AF014403 AF015186 AF017987 AF019214 AF021834 AF026071 AF029674 AF029750 AF031469 AF033026 AF039217 AF039690 AF040704 AF041459 AF043732 AF043977 AF045451 AF047020 AF047338 AF052059 AF052094 AF052151 AF053453 AF056322 AF060922 AF061731 AF061735 AF062483 AF063591 AF064243 AF064484 AF064771 AF065214 AF065385 AF065854 AF067286 AF070524 AF070569 AF070571 AF070596 AF072098 AF073890 AF078844 AF082283 AF083068 AF086256 AF086333 AF087847 AF090891 AF092128 AF092137 AF094754 AF095727 AF095771 AF096296 AF096304 AF097493 AF098951 AF101051 AF105974 AF106069 AF109681 AF112216 AF113211 AF114488 AF115512 AF116574 AF116616 AF116827 AF118274 AF118887 AF119835 AF119863 AF121856 AF123758 AF123759 AF126782 AF127481 AF130089 AF130090 AF130104 AF131743 AF131747 AF131801 AF132203 AF133207 AF133425 AF134149 AF134715 AF135266 AF135593 AF139131 AF144488 AF151074 AF151810 AF151861 AF153415 AF153820 AF155158 AF157324 AF158185 AF158555 AF159570   AF161526 AF162769 AF164794 AF165187 AF165520 AF169312 AF169676 AF172398 AF176518 AF178532 AF179281 AF180519 AF182273 AF182414 AF183417 AF183419 AF186773 AF188298 AF197952 AF201370 AF205218 AF212995 AF216292 AF216962 AF217974 AF217990 AF218365 AF220026 AF225981 AF228422 AF229179 AF230398 AF230411 AF230904 AF230924 AF232772 AF232905 AF237813 AF239756 AF240468 AF246144 AF247168 AF248966 AF250226 AF251025 AF251054 AF257659 AF263293 AF267855 AF267856 AF274948 AF276658 AF278532 AF280094 AF285119 AF288208 AF288391 AF295039 AF302786 AF303378 AF313413 AF315325 AF316824 AF316873 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NM_002231 NM_002254 NM_002275 NM_002290 NM_002291 NM_002294 NM_002309 NM_002317 NM_002332 NM_002337 NM_002350 NM_002357 NM_002372 NM_002389 NM_002392 NM_002395 NM_002406 NM_002407 NM_002408 NM_002425 NM_002426 NM_002448 NM_002450 NM_002463 NM_002477 NM_002513 NM_002517 NM_002518 NM_002527 NM_002555 NM_002560 NM_002575 NM_002581 NM_002589 NM_002626 NM_002631 NM_002647 NM_002675 NM_002676 NM_002778 NM_002780 NM_002781 NM_002782 NM_002783 NM_002784 NM_002830 NM_002845 NM_002848 NM_002849 NM_002870 NM_002886 NM_002923 NM_002924 NM_002963 NM_002970 NM_002975 NM_002977 NM_002979 NM_002985 NM_003009 NM_003012 NM_003014 NM_003022 NM_003038 NM_003059 NM_003060 NM_003134 NM_003144 NM_003151 NM_003165 NM_003172 NM_003174 NM_003236 NM_003238 NM_003242 NM_003244 NM_003246 NM_003254 NM_003265 NM_003272 NM_003275 NM_003289 NM_003326 NM_003330 NM_003344 NM_003433 NM_003451 NM_003469 NM_003475 NM_003492 NM_003494 NM_003516 NM_003517 NM_003528 NM_003543 NM_003548 NM_003588 NM_003595 NM_003596 NM_003619 NM_003620 NM_003622 NM_003633 NM_003635 NM_003641 NM_003670 NM_003676 NM_003688 NM_003725 NM_003730 NM_003733 NM_003744 NM_003746 NM_003748 NM_003768 NM_003784 NM_003789 NM_003790 NM_003793 NM_003811 NM_003812 NM_003813 NM_003825 NM_003851 NM_003878 NM_003879 NM_003896 NM_003900 NM_003928 NM_003945 NM_003992 NM_004010 NM_004030 NM_004045 NM_004048 NM_004059 NM_004073 NM_004110 NM_004138 NM_004148 NM_004161 NM_004163 NM_004165 NM_004170 NM_004221 NM_004233 NM_004265 NM_004290 NM_004318 NM_004327 NM_004339 NM_004343 NM_004346 NM_004356 NM_004357 NM_004381 NM_004388 NM_004403 NM_004411 NM_004414 NM_004490 NM_004508 NM_004509 NM_004542 NM_004545 NM_004546 NM_004556 NM_004591 NM_004614 NM_004642 NM_004649 NM_004657 NM_004668 NM_004688 NM_004696 NM_004710 NM_004734 NM_004748 NM_004751 NM_004753 NM_004791 NM_004815 NM_004862 NM_004899 NM_004905 NM_004932 NM_004934 NM_004938 NM_005010 NM_005019 NM_005020 NM_005044 NM_005065 NM_005098 NM_005101 NM_005103 NM_005113 NM_005123 NM_005125 NM_005167 NM_005168 NM_005195 NM_005200 NM_005204 NM_005213 NM_005245 NM_005319 NM_005326 NM_005340 NM_005345 NM_005346 NM_005354 NM_005393 NM_005419 NM_005505 NM_005506 NM_005512 NM_005525 NM_005528 NM_005532 NM_005533 NM_005541 NM_005547 NM_005557 NM_005561 NM_005567 NM_005569 NM_005575 NM_005584 NM_005625 NM_005642 NM_005645 NM_005665 NM_005667 NM_005713 NM_005715 NM_005720 NM_005724 NM_005745 NM_005755 NM_005756 NM_005765 NM_005780 NM_005794 NM_005817 NM_005824 NM_005875 NM_005896 NM_005899 NM_005907 NM_005908 NM_005926 NM_005935 NM_005950 NM_005951 NM_005952 NM_005965 NM_005979 NM_006002 NM_006005 NM_006010 NM_006019 NM_006024 NM_006033 NM_006038 NM_006058 NM_006096 NM_006102 NM_006106 NM_006113 NM_006134 NM_006141 NM_006145 NM_006200 NM_006223 NM_006227 NM_006244 NM_006255 NM_006256 NM_006258 NM_006260 NM_006285 NM_006290 NM_006307 NM_006315 NM_006332 NM_006349 NM_006369 NM_006384 NM_006404 NM_006406 NM_006407 NM_006416 NM_006423 NM_006426 NM_006462 NM_006472 NM_006493 NM_006505 NM_006517 NM_006520 NM_006526 NM_006536 NM_006542 NM_006547 NM_006577 NM_006608 NM_006634 NM_006642 NM_006670 NM_006675 NM_006676 NM_006682 NM_006698 NM_006702 NM_006720 NM_006727 NM_006730 NM_006755 NM_006759 NM_006763 NM_006767 NM_006803 NM_006810 NM_006822 NM_006823 NM_006829 NM_006830 NM_006851 NM_006876 NM_006905 NM_006918 NM_007034 NM_007036 NM_007048 NM_007076 NM_007167 NM_007168 NM_007173 NM_007213 NM_007260 NM_007271 NM_007274 NM_007278 NM_007287 NM_007315 NM_007325 NM_007341 NM_007350 NM_012067 NM_012081 NM_012090 NM_012093 NM_012105 NM_012155 NM_012168 NM_012193 NM_012200 NM_012201 NM_012213 NM_012215 NM_012228 NM_012243 NM_012249 NM_012250 NM_012252 NM_012268 NM_012281 NM_012328 NM_012329 NM_012342 NM_012360 NM_012396 NM_012413 NM_012419 NM_012429 NM_012430 NM_012431 NM_012434 NM_012449 NM_013229 NM_013231 NM_013281 NM_013312 NM_013314 NM_013325 NM_013335 NM_013343 NM_013352 NM_013379 NM_013381 NM_013390 NM_013399 NM_013943 NM_013959 NM_013960 NM_014015 NM_014028 NM_014045 NM_014068 NM_014145 NM_014158 NM_014182 NM_014244 NM_014266 NM_014268 NM_014278 NM_014294 NM_014297 NM_014298 NM_014314 NM_014350 NM_014391 NM_014392 NM_014396 NM_014399 NM_014454 NM_014548 NM_014556 NM_014563 NM_014584 NM_014646 NM_014650 NM_014652 NM_014668 NM_014713 NM_014723 NM_014730 NM_014734 NM_014751 NM_014774 NM_014799 NM_014804 NM_014840 NM_014844 NM_014845 NM_014888 NM_014890 NM_014900 NM_014905 NM_014934 NM_014936 NM_014942 NM_014943 NM_014945 NM_014950 NM_014951 NM_015000 NM_015271 NM_015364 NM_015392 NM_015415 NM_015516 NM_015556 NM_015654 NM_015705 NM_015865 NM_015878 NM_015917 NM_015919 NM_015920 NM_015967 NM_015976 NM_015987 NM_015996 NM_016040 NM_016061 NM_016109 NM_016127 NM_016134 NM_016142 NM_016151 NM_016152 NM_016154 NM_016162 NM_016219 NM_016226 NM_016227 NM_016235 NM_016243 NM_016255 NM_016275 NM_016303 NM_016311 NM_016352 NM_016399 NM_016422 NM_016423 NM_016429 NM_016437 NM_016530 NM_016547 NM_016557 NM_016577 NM_016582 NM_016588 NM_016599 NM_016608 NM_016621 NM_016651 NM_016656 NM_016657 NM_016830 NM_016938 NM_017414 NM_017415 NM_017423 NM_017445 NM_017514 NM_017554 NM_017567 NM_017627 NM_017649 NM_017655 NM_017661 NM_017679 NM_017680 NM_017684 NM_017692 NM_017706 NM_017712 NM_017733 NM_017739 NM_017742 NM_017750 NM_017784 NM_017814 NM_017836 NM_017837 NM_017856 NM_017870 NM_017901 NM_017935 NM_017938 NM_017947 NM_017983 NM_017992 NM_018042 NM_018046 NM_018075 NM_018113 NM_018129 NM_018153 NM_018161 NM_018191 NM_018217 NM_018229 NM_018267 NM_018291 NM_018293 NM_018295 NM_018334 NM_018357 NM_018368 NM_018370 NM_018371 NM_018381 NM_018418 NM_018447 NM_018490 NM_018494 NM_018530 NM_018584 NM_018638 NM_018639 NM_018648 NM_018656 NM_018835 NM_018840 NM_018973 NM_018999 NM_019059 NM_019099 NM_019114 NM_019555 NM_019556 NM_019885 NM_020127 NM_020139 NM_020154 NM_020166 NM_020182 NM_020199 NM_020215 NM_020224 NM_020234 NM_020299 NM_020347 NM_020353 NM_020372 NM_020375 NM_020379 NM_020399 NM_020448 NM_020524 NM_020639 NM_020644 NM_020650 NM_020663 NM_020689 NM_020755 NM_020760 NM_020815 NM_020841 NM_021007 NM_021013 NM_021016 NM_021035 NM_021070 NM_021101 NM_021106 NM_021127 NM_021136 NM_021137 NM_021151 NM_021173 NM_021199 NM_021203 NM_021219 NM_021229 NM_021244 NM_021249 NM_021616 NM_021622 NM_021626 NM_021637 NM_021643 NM_021727 NM_021731 NM_021783 NM_021825 NM_021827 NM_021980 NM_021994 NM_021999 NM_022001 NM_022060 NM_022083 NM_022087 NM_022117 NM_022121 NM_022128 NM_022129 NM_022135 NM_022147 NM_022152 NM_022168 NM_022171 NM_022338 NM_022350 NM_022368 NM_022450 NM_022464 NM_022470 NM_022473 NM_022477 NM_022736 NM_022742 NM_022743 NM_022748 NM_022750 NM_022765 NM_022772 NM_022783 NM_022837 NM_022902 NM_023034 NM_023037 NM_023039 NM_023073 NM_023112 NM_023915 NM_023928 NM_024006 NM_024028 NM_024042 NM_024047 NM_024056 NM_024064 NM_024097 NM_024105 NM_024112 NM_024292 NM_024315 NM_024324 NM_024341 NM_024430 NM_024500 NM_024512 NM_024523 NM_024532 NM_024536 NM_024539 NM_024549 NM_024564 NM_024574 NM_024577 NM_024599 NM_024602 NM_024617 NM_024620 NM_024649 NM_024691 NM_024728 NM_024763 NM_024766 NM_024770 NM_024801 NM_024806 NM_024819 NM_024825 NM_024837 NM_024841 NM_024843 NM_024887 NM_024913 NM_024924 NM_024935 NM_025000 NM_025024 NM_025076 NM_025133 NM_025139 NM_025140 NM_025149 NM_025165 NM_025182 NM_025202 NM_025208 NM_025217 NM_025226 NM_030641 NM_030778 NM_030790 NM_030799 NM_030801 NM_030802 NM_030810 NM_030882 NM_030911 NM_030952 NM_030963 NM_030967 NM_030975 NM_030977 NM_031244 NM_031246 NM_031285 NM_031286 NM_031301 NM_031305 NM_031458 NM_031961 NM_032211 NM_032412 NM_032591 NM_032623 NM_032784 NM_032789 NM_032812 NM_032866 NM_033255 NM_033405 NM_033407 NM_037370 NM_052822 NM_052839 NM_052866 NM_052885 NM_052889 NM_052941 NM_052958 NM_053056 NM_078474 NM_078483 NM_078487 NM_080657 NM_080669 NM_133477 NM_138924 NM_139266 NM_144657 NM_144717 NM_144724 NM_144974 NM_144975 NM_145058 NM_145259 NM_145301 NM_145316 NM_145731 NM_152282 NM_152532 NM_152565 NM_152597 NM_152634 NM_152701 NM_152703 NM_152748 NM_152757 NM_152791 NM_152910 NM_153218 NM_153487 NM_170753 NM_171846 NM_172037 NM_173217 NM_173354 NM_173617 NM_176821 NM_177424 NM_177974 NM_178550 NM_178821 NM_181597 NM_181782 NM_182752 NM_183079 NM_198183 NM_198576 NM_199139 NM_206833 NM_207380 NM_213589 NR_001568 R14890 R22891 R24779 R32065 R34841 R38084 R44930 R49343 R52665 R62907 R78604 R79120 R98767 S57296 S68290 S69189 S69738 S70123 S81491 S81545 S81916 T03492 T17299 T30183 T50399 T63497 T70087 T78402 T84558 T94585 U04897 U05598 U10473 U11058 U13698 U13699 U13700 U16307 U17714 U19599 U24267 U25147 U27143 U36190 U36501 U37283 U37546 U38321 U40053 U40372 U42349 U43559 U47674 U48437 U48705 U49188 U49396 U50529 U55936 U58111 U61276 U62325 U62858 U67280 U72937 U73936 U76833 U77706 U77914 U77917 U79277 U79297 U82671 U83508 U84138 U84246 U85995 U89281 U89330 U89386 U90552 U92268 U92816 U94831 V00489 W01715 W03103 W15435 W46388 W46994 W61007 W65310 W67995 W72466 W72564 W73272 W73431 W73788 W74476 W74640 W81648 W87466 W91876 W92744 W93554 W93695 X06989 X15132 X15306 X16354 X16447 X56841 X61094 X63338 X64116 X65232 X68742 X74039 X76775 X79683 X83858 X90579 XM_042066 XM_290629 XM_371461 XM_379298 XM_927270 XM_927532 XM_930405 XM_934030 XM_936467 XM_937514 XM_940706 XM_943119 XM_943477 Y09846 Z21533 Z38765 Z97053

TABLE 3 POLYNUCLEOTIDES ENCODING SENESCENT CELL-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS GENE SYMBOL GENE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION GENBANK # PUBMED # LOGFC CLCA2 CLCA family member 2, chloride channel regulator BF003134 10362588, 10437792 4.79 CLCA2 CLCA family member 2, chloride channel regulator NM_006536 10362588, 10437792 4.51 IL33 interleukin 33 AB024518 10566975, 12477932 4.24 CLCA2 CLCA family member 2, chloride channel regulator AF043977 10362588, 10437792 4.22 CLCA2 CLCA family member 2, chloride channel regulator NM_006536 10362588, 10437792 3.87 RP4-692D3.1 hypothetical protein LOC728621 AW364693 16710767 3.75 SYNPO2 synaptopodin2 AI634580 8593614, 11076863, 3.74 GLS glutaminase AF097493 3531404, 6682827, 6 3.53 AB13BP ABI gene family, member 3 (NESH) binding protein NM_024801 11501947, 12477932 3.52 BCHE butyrylcholinesterase NM_000055 1769657, 1769658, 2 3.51 LOC727770 similar to ankyrin repeat domain 20 family, member A1 A1359676 3.51 OSAP ovary-specific acidic protein AF329088 12477932 3.44 PLAT plasminogen activator, tissue NM_000930 1301152, 1310033, 1 3.42 IL1A interleukin 1, alpha M15329 1548758, 1584804, 1 3.42 IFIT2 interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 AA131041 1377167, 245816, 3 3.39 CDH10 cadherin 10, type 2 (T2-cadherin) NM_006727 2059658, 10386616 3.37 IL1B interleukin 1, beta NM_000576 1548758, 1753956, 1 3.33 SPATA18 spermatogenesis associated 18 homolog (rat) AI559300 12477932, 14702039 3.31 AI422414 3.29 IL1B interleukin 1, beta M15330 1548758, 173956, 1 3.29 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, poppalysin 1 AI110886 1721035, 2422961, 2 3.25 GLS glutaminase NM_014905 3531404, 6682827, 6 3.23 ABI38P ABI gene family, member 3 (NESH) binding protein AB056106 11501947, 12477932 3.2 SYNPO2 synaptopodin 2 AW009747 8593614, 11076863, 3.16 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1 BF107618 1721035, 2422961, 2 3.14 C11orf87 chromosome 11 open reading frame 87 AA633992 12477932 3.12 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1 BF107618 1721035, 2422961, 2 3.11 SLC16A4 solute carrier family 16, member 4 (monocarboxylic acid NM_004696 8125298, 9373149, 9 3.1 transporter 5) SCN2A sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, alpha subunit BF432956 1317301, 1325650, 1 3.09 RNF128 ring finger protein 128 NM_024539 12477932, 12705856 3.07 AKR1C3 adlo-keto reductace family 1, member C3 (3-alpha AB018580 762489, 7650035, 7 3.03 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, type II) IL13RA2 interleukin 13 receptor, alpha 2 NM_000640 8663118, 9083087, 9 2.99 GDF15 growth differentiation factor 15 AF003934 8125298, 9326641, 9 2.93 SULF2 sulfatase 2 AL133001 10574462, 11549316 2.92 KRT34 keratin 34 NM_021013 2431943, 7686952, 9 2.89 FBX032 F-box protein 32 BF244402 11679633, 11717410 2.89 AA594609 2.88 BC043411 2.88 ESM1 endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 NM_007036 8702785, 11025405 2.85 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1 AA148534 1721035, 2422961, 2 2.81 MEG3 maternally expressed 3 (non-protein coding) AI291123 8619474, 9110174, 1 2.8 C15orf48 chromosome 15 open reading frame 48 AF228422 12209954, 12477932 2.79 AK022198 2.77 USP53 ubiquitin specific peptidase 53 H25097 10718198, 12477932 2.75 SDPR serum deprivation response (phosphatidylserine binding BF982174 2390065, 8012384, 8 2.71 protein) MAP2 microtubule-associated protein 2 BF342661 1494913, 1708129, 2 2.69 RDH10 retinol dehydrogenase 10 (all-trans) AW150720 12407145, 12477932 2.68 BMP2 bone morphogenetic protein 2 AA583044 1487246, 2004788, 2 2.64 CRYAB crystalline, alpha B AF007162 838078, 1407707, 15 2.64 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1 BG434272 1721035, 2422961, 2 2.64 USP53 ubiquitin specific peptidase 53 AW188464 10718198, 12477932 2.63 KRTAP1-5 keratin associated protein 1-5 AJ406928 11279113, 12228244 2.63 HSD11B1 hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 NM_00525 1885595, 3034894, 7 2.62 GLS glutaminase AB020645 3531404, 6682827, 6 2.6 ARRDC4 arrestin domain containing 4 AV701177 12477932, 14702039 2.59 CCRL1 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 1 NM_016557 8125298, 9373149, 9 2.58 MAMDC2 MAM domain containing 2 AI82120 11076863, 11256614 2.54 RTN1 reticulon 1 NM_021136 7515034, 7685762, 7 2.52 PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1 BG620958 1721035, 2422961, 2 2.49 FBX032 F-box protein 32 BF244402 11679633, 11717410 2.48

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/732,746 filed Dec. 3, 2012 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/747,653, filed Dec. 31, 2013, which applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure. 

We claim the following:
 1. A method of preparing a passive vaccine for administration to a subject who has senescent cells in a tissue that are causing or promoting adverse symptoms, wherein the senescent cells are defined as p16 positive cells that are not cancer cells; wherein the method comprises: (a) obtaining an antibody or antigen binding fragment that contains at least one immunoglobulin variable region that is specific for human p16INK4a protein; (b) determining an amount of the antibody or antigen binding fragment and a formulation of the antibody or antigen binding fragment with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient to produce a passive vaccine suitable for human administration that is effective for removing senescent cells from the tissue that are causing or promoting the adverse symptoms; and (c) compounding the amount of the antibody or antigen binding fragment in the formulation determined in step (b) to produce the passive vaccine.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment is a human or humanized antibody that is specific for human p16INK4a protein.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment is an immunoglobulin G.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising packaging the passive vaccine with an informational insert that describes the use and attendant benefits of the passive vaccine in alleviating at least some of the adverse symptoms.
 5. A method for selectively removing senescent cells from a tissue in a subject that are causing or promoting adverse symptoms, wherein the senescent cells are defined as p16 positive cells that are not cancer cells, wherein the method comprises: obtaining a passive vaccine containing at least one immunoglobulin variable region that is specific for human p16INK4a protein; and administering the passive vaccine to the subject so as to remove senescent cells from the tissue that are causing or promoting the adverse symptoms; wherein the passive vaccine has been prepared according to the method of claim
 1. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment is a human or humanized antibody that is specific for human p16INK4a protein.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment is an immunoglobulin G.
 8. The method of claim 5, which further comprises monitoring at least one component of a senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in the subject following administration of the passive vaccine.
 9. The method of claim 5, which further comprises monitoring the adverse symptoms in the subject following administration of the passive vaccine.
 10. The method of claim 5, which further comprises assessing p16 positive cells in the tissue following administration of the passive vaccine.
 11. A unit dose of a pharmaceutical composition configured for administration to a subject who has senescent cells that are causing or promoting adverse symptoms in a tissue of the subject; wherein the senescent cells are not cancer cells; wherein the composition comprises a formulation of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment that contains at least one immunoglobulin variable region that is specific for human p16INK4a protein; and wherein the amount of the antibody or antigen binding fragment and the formulation of the pharmaceutical composition configure the unit dose to be effective in removing senescent cells that are causing or promoting the adverse symptoms in the tissue.
 12. The unit dose according to claim 11, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment is a human or humanized antibody that is specific for human p16INK4a protein.
 13. The unit dose according to claim 11, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment is an immunoglobulin G.
 14. The unit dose according to claim 11, packaged with an informational insert that describes the use and attendant benefits of the passive vaccine in alleviating at least some of the adverse symptoms. 